Functions/ Components
Name and describe the two types of skeletons that make up the skeletal system.
The axial skeleton includes the bones along the midline of the body, the appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the limbs.
Name 2 types of bones and an example of each type
Long bones: Femur
Short bones: Carpal and Tarsal bones
Irregular bones: Sacrum
Flat bones: Scapula
What are the two types of ossification
Intramembranous and endochondral
What is homeostasis?
Any self-regulating process by which an organism tends to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are best for its survival
What is osteoporosis?
Most common bone disorder
Disease causing bones to be low in density, making them brittle and prone to easily break; caused by the body losing too much bone tissue or making too little bone tissue
Name at least 3 functions of the skeletal system
Protection of internal organs, body support/movement, storage of minerals and fat, and blood cell formation
Name 3 types of joints and give an example of each.
Ball-in-socket: shoulder joint
Hinge: elbow joint
Condyloid: fingers
Gliding: vertebrae
Saddle: thumb
Pivot: atlas/axis
Differentiate osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes
Osteoblasts: bone-forming cells
Osteoclasts: bone destroyers
Osteocytes: mature bone cells
Differentiate the two feedback types in homeostasis
Positive feedback: increases the change/output; example: child birth
Negative feedback: decreases the change/output; example: thermoregulation
Compound: broken bone pierces skin
Transverse: horizontal line fracture
Oblique: fracture occurs at angle
Stable: bone broken but not misaligned
Comminuted: bone crushed into pieces
Greenstick: bone is bent but not broken
What is cartilage?
Flexible connective tissue that keeps joint motion fluid. Three types: hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
What are the three sections of the vertebral column, and how many vertebrae are in each section?
Cervical (8), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5)
What component of a bone controls most of the growth, and where is the portion component located?
The epiphyseal plate, located in the metaphysis (between the diaphysis and epiphysis)
How does the skeletal system work with the muscular system?
Bones of skeletal system bind to muscles throughout body to aid in movement
Osteoarthritis: cartilage breaks down in joints
Causes bones to rub together, leading to pain and inflammation
Most common type of arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis: immunodeficiency disorder when immune system mistakenly attacks body tissue
Affects lining of joints
Painful swelling leading to bone erosion/joint deformity
Compare/contrast a tendon and a ligament.
A tendon connects a muscle to a bone, and a ligament connects a bone to a bone. Tendons have more flexibility and elasticity, and contain collagen
Name and describe the two parts of a long bone.
Explain the process of growth by diameter
Osteoclasts resorb old bone
Osteoblasts produce new bone tissue via intramembranous ossification
Combination of bone causes growth in width in diaphysis and medullary cavity
How does the skeletal system work with the endocrine system?
Endocrine system releases hormones that help control mood, growth/development, metabolism, etc.
Endocrine system releases hormones to aid in regulation of bone growth and remodeling
What are the 4 stages of the bone healing process?
Hematoma formation: blood vessels in broken bone tear resulting in a blood clot at the site of the break
Bone generation: fibroblasts and osteoblasts enter clotted area to begin to reform bone; fibrocartilaginous callus forms
Bony callus formation: fibrocartilaginous callus replaced by bony callus by osteoblasts
Bone remodeling
List all the main components of a bone. Hint: think about minerals, cells, and bone marrow
The bone contains calcium and potassium (bone mass and density aids), red blood cells and platelets in the red bone marrow, and fatty acids in the yellow bone marrow
List all the main bones of the upper limb (7) and lower limb (7).
Upper limb: clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges
Lower limb: femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
Reserve zone: closest to epiphyseal end of plate; house chondrocytes; no growth occurs
Proliferative zone: next layer towards diaphysis; contains larger chondrocytes and replaces chondrocytes that die at diaphyseal end of plate
Zone of maturation: larger chondrocytes situated closer to diaphysis
Zone of calcified matrix: closest to diaphysis; chondrocytes are dead; osteoblasts secrete bone tissue on remaining cartilage
Name and describe the three ways the skeletal system maintains the body's homeostasis.
Temperature regulation, formation of blood cells, and mineral regulation
Describe the characteristics of Rickets along with the treatment options.
Softening/weakening of bones in children
Can stunt growth
Caused by lack of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate
Treatment: high Vitamin D diet
Medications and surgery