Stages of Learning
What are the 3 stages of learning?
Cognitive, Associative and Autonomous Stages
Give at least 3 reasons why feedback is important when learning or developing a skill.
Identifies strengths so they can be built on
Identifies weaknesses to work on
Stops mistakes being repeated
See if extra training or practice is needed
Set goals or targets for improvement
Motivates performer / develops self-esteem
Allows comparison to the ideal performance
Name the 4 stages of the information processing model.
Input
Decision making
Output
Feedback
Name all 6 skill classification terms. (Note: 3 groups of 2).
Basic or Complex
Open or Closed
Fine or Gross
Describe the differences between skill and ability.
Ability: the qualities & characteristics a performer is BORN with (such as speed or agility)
Skill: a learned & practiced ability
At this stage, you continue repeating and practicing skills and techniques so they improve.
Associative Stage
Name the 4 forms of guidance and what each provides to an athlete.
Verbal: words
Visual: images, video or demonstration
Mechanical: use of physical supports such as harnesses
Manual: hands on guidance
Describe the term limited-channel capacity.
The idea that our brains can only process a certain amount of information at once. Too much information results in overload and confusion.
Describe the difference between a basic and complex skill. Provide an example for each.
Basic: simple skills with few sub-routines/parts. Example: a chest pass or over-arm throw
Complex: require a higher level of coordination & concentration; take longer to learn & perfect. Example: a diving routine
Name and describe 4 factors that have an impact on the skill level of a performer.
1.) Culture: background impacts the skills you learn
2.) Motivation: a desire to succeed
3.) Anxiety: if a skill is too difficult, it may stop you from improving
4.) Teaching & Coaching: the quality will affect skill
5.) Environment: where you live can affect choices
6.) Facilities: better facilities mean better quality practices. Facilities offered can impact sports available.
7.) Arousal Conditions: you may gravitate to a calmer sport (archery) or more intense sport (football, rugby)
8.) Age & Maturity: how young a performer starts may affect how good they become
This stage is characterized by few errors occurring. When a mistake occurs, you can analyze what went wrong.
Autonomous Stage
Extrinsic: info from an external source (coach, fans)
Intrinsic: info from within (emotions, thoughts, feel of a movement)
Name 4 sources that our brain processes information from. Describe the information each source provides.
Eyes: visual info
Ears: hearing/auditory info
Skin: sensory info
Muscles: which provide action through movement
Describe the difference between fine and gross skills. Provide an example for each.
Fine: precise movements that require high levels of accuracy & technique. Archery, snooker
Gross: skills that use large muscle groups to produce large, powerful movements. Shot put, jumping, throwing, running
What characteristics will a centre in netball playing skillfully need?
Accuracy and consistency to receive and pass to teammates
The teaching focus on this stage is on conceptualization or "what to do". Provide an example.
Cognitive Stage
Basketball lay-up: learning how to release the ball, learning to hit the back-board in the correct place, learning how to take 2 steps and take-off, etc.
Identify the types of feedback taking place in a high jumper at the Olympics before, during, and after a jump.
Before: extrinsic from fans, coach
During: intrinsic from the feel of the movement
After: both
Where are the two places we store information? How can we best retain information stored?
Long-Term Memory & Short-Term Memory
The more we practice/rehearse something, the more likely we will retain that information and have it stored in our Long-Term Memory
Where would you place an archer on the 'open/closed' continuum? Explain why.
Towards the closed end
The skill is performed the same way each time with minimal environmental influences.
However, environmental changes such as wind may influence the way the skill is performed.
Name and describe at least 3 characteristics of a skilled performance.
Accurate: precise movements
Consistent: high level performance every time
Fluent: using movements that are quick, smooth and flowing
Coordinated: moving different parts of the body together with efficiency & control
Aesthetically pleasing: a performance that looks good to the spectator, judge or coach
Goal directed: focusing on a specific target & being determined to achieve it
A swimmer performs a length of freestyle, where the coach identifies that they are breathing with every stroke. The swimmer practices breathing every second breath while standing stationary in the pool. The swimmer then does a length of freestyle using the correct breathing technique. What type of practice is this example?
Whole-part-whole practice
Give an example of how 'knowledge of results' is used to provide feedback in a named activity.
Athletics: time, distance, position
Swimming: time, position
Diving: judges scores
Getting a person to practice a lay up in its entirety is termed this type of practice.
Whole practice
Where would you place a table tennis serve on the 'fine/gross' continuum? Explain why.
Towards the fine end
Precise movement that requires high levels of accuracy & technique
Uses small movements that require small muscle groups
What characteristics will a gymnast performing a floor routine skillfully need?
Accuracy & fluency of movement which is aesthetically pleasing to watch