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Clue: This theory argues that exposure to comprehensible input is necessary for SLA and was claimed by its author to be both necessary and sufficient.
Answer: What is the Input Hypothesis? / Who is Krashen?
Clue: This researcher argued that output contributes to SLA by providing feedback, automatization, and opportunities for further input.
Answer: Who is Swain?
Clue: The process of drawing learners' attention to salient language features in input is known as this.
Answer: What is noticing?
Clue: Selinker introduced this concept describing the evolving learner language system that gradually moves toward the target language.
Answer: What is interlanguage?
Clue: According to SLA theory, learners constantly create, test, strengthen, modify, or reject these mental constructs about language use.
Answer: What are hypotheses about language?
Clue: Output that stretches learners beyond their comfort zone and forces them to express difficult meanings is called:
Answer: What is pushed output?
Clue: According to Pienemann, learners benefit most from instruction when they have reached this condition
Answer: What is psychological readiness?
Clue: According to Tomlinson, learners acquire language more effectively when texts stimulate emotions such as joy, excitement, empathy, disagreement, or even anger.
Answer: What is affective engagement?
Clue: Tomlinson identifies this often-overlooked facilitator of communication, supported by research on gestures and embodied communication.
Answer: What is non-linguistic communication?
Clue: These four higher-level cognitive processes are specifically mentioned as promoting deep processing and acquisition
Answer: What are inferencing, connecting, predicting, and evaluating?
Clue: According to Long's theory, acquisition is facilitated because interaction makes input more comprehensible, provides feedback, and pushes learners to modify output.
Answer: What is the Interaction Hypothesis?
Clue: This approach asks learners first to focus on meaning and only later examine linguistic form.
Answer: What is focus on form?
Clue: Tomlinson argues that learners should first respond personally to a text and then investigate language features. This broad approach is known as:
What is an experiential discovery approach?
Clue: When communication breaks down and learners work together to repair understanding, they engage in this process.
Answer: What is negotiation of meaning?
Clue: Tomlinson criticizes global coursebooks because they are predominantly focused on these rather than on meaningful communication.
Answer: What are forms (forms-focused instruction)?
Clue: Tomlinson argues that learners rarely use these three mental resources in L2 learning despite using them extensively in L1 communication.
Answer: What are inner speech, visual imaging, and motor imaging?
Clue: In Tomlinson's evaluation table, which two SLA principles received a score of zero across all six coursebooks?
Answer: Utilization of the resources of the brain; Making use of non-linguistic communication.
Clue: This researcher claimed that nothing in the input becomes intake unless it is consciously attended to.
Answer: Who is Schmidt?
Clue: This famous Canadian educational context demonstrated that rich input alone was insufficient because learners developed strong skills but retained non-native grammatical patterns.
Answer: What are the French immersion programs in Canada?
Clue: Tomlinson argues that learners' natural syllabus prioritizes this before grammatical accuracy, especially at beginning stages.
Answer: What is meaning (focus on meaning)?