Sleep Stages
The first stage of sleep, known as NREM Stage 1, is also called the __________ stage and is associated with brief hallucinations as a person falls asleep.
hypnagogic
The circadian rhythm is the body’s internal __________ that regulates sleep and wakefulness over a 24-hour cycle.
During REM sleep, the __________ is highly active and helps process emotional experiences, reducing emotional intensity by the next day.
amygdala
Sigmund Freud believed that dreams reveal unconscious __________ .
Thoughts/desires
Adolescents are recommended to get __________ to __________ hours of sleep per night for optimal health and functioning.
8-10
NREM Stage 2 is identified on an EEG by the presence of sleep spindles and __________, which often occur in response to external stimuli.
K-complexes
The __________ nucleus, located in the hypothalamus, acts as the body’s master clock.
suprachiasmatic
The __________ plays a key role in memory consolidation during sleep, particularly in NREM Stage 2.
hippocampus
According to Freud, the remembered storyline of a dream is called the __________ content.
Manifest
Teenagers often feel tired in the morning because their circadian rhythm is __________ compared to adults.
shifted/moved later
Deep sleep occurs during NREM Stage 3 and is dominated by __________ waves, which are the slowest brain waves recorded on an EEG.
delta
In response to light, the suprachiasmatic nucleus signals the __________ gland to adjust melatonin production.
pineal
Sleep deprivation reduces activity in the __________ lobe, which is responsible for decision-making, attention, and impulse control.
frontal (or prefrontal)
The hidden psychological meaning behind a dream is referred to as the __________ content.
Latent
Phase delay refers to the _______ onset of melatonin production
later
REM sleep is sometimes referred to as __________ sleep because brain activity is high while the body remains relaxed.
paradoxical
Melatonin levels typically __________ in the evening, helping the body prepare for sleep.
increase
According to the activation-synthesis theory, random neural signals during REM sleep originate in the brain stem, particularly the __________.
pons (brain stem)
The activation-synthesis theory explains dreams as the brain’s attempt to make sense of __________ neural activity.
Random/electronic
Early school start times can reduce students’ __________ and attention by disrupting normal sleep patterns.
cognitive performance (or concentration)
As the night progresses, the amount of deep NREM sleep decreases while periods of __________ sleep become longer.
REM
Jet lag occurs because the circadian rhythm is not aligned with the __________ time of day in a new location.
local
In the activation-synthesis theory, the __________ interprets signals from the brain stem and constructs them into dream images.
cerebral cortex
In the activation-synthesis theory, dream images are created when the __________ interprets signals from the brain stem.
cerebral cortex
Using screens close to bedtime can delay sleep onset by interfering with the release of __________.
melatonin