Fundamentals
Assessment and Intervention
Anatomy & Physiology of Speech
Speech Development
Speech Sound Disorders
Voice Disorders
Stuttering
100
What are the four steps in the PROCESS OF TYPICAL COMMUNICATION?
100
A measurement of how well something can catch a disease or disorder
Sensitivity
(Specificity: A measurement of how well something can rule out a disease or disorder)
100
What biological system of speech involves the trachea, lungs, diaphragm, and ribs?
The Respiratory System
100
Do we use the following features to categorize VOWELS or CONSONANTS?
•High/Low (tongue)
•Front/Back (tongue)
•Tense/Lax (tongue)
•Rounded/Unrounded (lips)
VOWELS
(Consonants are described by place, manner, and voicing)
100
When a child makes predictable and typical patterns of speech sound errors, often only in certain linguistic environments. What kind of disorder is this?
Phonological Disorder
100
When you "lose your voice" (temporarily), this generally means you are suffering from...
Laryngitis: an inflammation of the larynx and its mucus from irritation, infection, or overuse
100
What are the "ABCs" of stuttering?
• A = Affective (emotional)
• B = Behavioral
• C = Cognitive (thoughts)
200
A variation of communication within a group of individuals that reflects their shared regional, social, or cultural/ethnic factors. NOT a disorder, but a...
Communication Difference
200
A quick check of performance, usually scored by PASS vs. REFER
Screener
200
Which lobe of the brain contains Wernicke’s Area (critical for Language Comprehension)
Temporal Lobe
(Broca's area is in the frontal lob)
200
The /m/ sound is created by (1--voice) vibrating the vocal folds (2--place) placing the two lips together, (2--manner) directing the airstream through the nasal cavity.
What is the voicing status, place, and manner of articulation of this sound?
Voiced
Bilabial
Nasal
200
How might Otitis media (middle ear infection) contribute to a phonological disorder?
Poor Input = Poor Output
200
What are these?
Vocal nodules: swollen spots on each vocal fold
200
TRUE/FALSE: We all stutter sometimes.
We may have the occasional disfluency, but stuttering is a disorder with a roughly 1% prevalence.
300
The two primarily clinical pathways in the field of communication disorders
Speech-Language Pathologist (MA) and Audiologist (AuD)
300
There are many methods of assessment. Which kind are NORM-REFERENCED?
Formal Testing (e.g. the Goldman Fristoe)
300
What term would you use to classify all of these structures?
•Maxilla (upper jaw)
•Mandible (lower jaw)
•Lips
•Teeth
•Hard Palate
•Soft Palate (velum)
•Tongue
•Alveolar Ridge
Articulators
300
In the normal acquisition of speech, is the /th/ sound or the /b/ sound learned first?
/b/ by around 2-3 years, and /th/ by about 4-5 years.
300
A cleft palate is a craniomalformation that alter the structure and function of the hard and soft palate (velum). Is the more likely to cause a phonological or articulation disorder?
Articulation Disorder. Due to malforamtion, children with cleft palates have problems with nasalization and pressure, consonant distortion, and a small inventory of sounds.
300
What do we call voice disorders that where damage is the result of poor central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) control of the larynx
Neurogenic Voice Disorders
(e.g. Vagus Nerve Lesions, Spasmodic Dysphonia, Tourettes)
300
What are "Avoidance Behaviors" in stuttering?
When the feared words are avoided:
Circumlocution: talking in circles around the feared word
Word Substitution: switching feared words with a less-feared synonym
400
The extent a disease/disorder exists in a population *at a given time*.
Prevalence
(Incidence: The rate of occurrence of new cases)
400
What are the 3 components of EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE?
•Scientific Evidence: Scientific evidence regarding treatment of disorders
•Clinical Expertise: Professional’s experience and knowledge about symptoms and treatment
•Client perspective: Preferences, perspectives, values, and choices of a fully informed client
400
What do we refer to as our "voice box" as it contains the vocal folds?
The Larynx
400
What is an infant using when they are sending intentional messages? (e.g. Child smiles, then gives her favorite toy to dad so that he can turn it on)
Intentionality (emerging around 6-12 months)
400
Give an example of a MINIMAL PAIR.
Minimal Pairs: use of a pair of words that differ by only one phoneme
Pat/Bat
Car/Tar
Lip/Lick
400
What are some ways to practice vocal hygiene?
•H Y D R A T E
•Avoiding loud talking / shouting for long periods
•Avoiding whispering for long periods
•Practicing optimal pitch
•Avoiding excessive throat clearing
•STOP Smoking
400
You are working with a stuttering patient on their assessment. You start by asking questions like this. What kind of assessment is this?
• What brings you in today?
• When did your stuttering start?
• Is there a family history of stuttering?
• Have you received treatment/speech therapy before? Did it help?
Case History (background information about a client’s history with stuttering)