Chapter 6
The muscle that allows for proper nasalization of nasal consonants and closes the VP port for other consonants
What is: the levator veli palatini?
The function of the tympanic membrane
What is: to help transform pressure waves into mechanical vibration?
Difference between a model and a theory
- A model is a representation of a system or a part of a system
- A theory is a statement about a phenomenon that may be targeting how said phenomenon works
The primary imaging technique used to track the cognitive changes both in individuals with Parkinson's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease
What is EEG? (specifically the P300 evoked potential)
The valve that plays a crucial role in voicing sounds and must open to allow airflow for voiceless sounds
What is: the laryngeal valve?
The structure in the cochlear that stimulates the auditory nerve to fire signals to the brain
What is: the stereocilia?
The brain structure involved in balance, posture, background muscle tone, and coordination of voluntary movements
What is: the cerebellum?
An issue for organization and regulation of speech motor control that has to do with combining muscles into functional groups in order to reduce the amount of errors that can be made or reduce the amount of effort the brain needs to put in to coordinate muscles
What is: degrees of freedom?
The 3 main types of training cochlear implant users can undergo
What are:
Segmental perception (count number of sounds heard)
Suprasegmental perception (intonation, stress, duration, rhythm)
Visual feedback (EGG, spectrography)
The 3 suprasegmental features of speech that can affect the fundamental frequency and intensity of sounds
What are: intonation, stress, and duration
The key feature we pay attention to in perceiving vowels
What is: formant relationships?
The relationship between the larynx, velum, tongue, and lips & the large areas dedicated to them in the homunculus
What is: These structures need fine motor control for speech production, so the primary motor cortex actually has a large portion of itself dedicated to these fine motor movements.
The theory that suggests two stages in spoken word recognition, the first stage being that acoustic-phonetic information at the beginning of a word activates all words in the person's memory having the same word-initial information
What is: the cohort theory?
A primary feedback tool used in intervention with individuals who have cleft palate to improve articulation through visuals
What is: EPG (electropalatography)
The two formant rules for tongue advancement and tongue height
High tongue, low F1; Low tongue, high F1
Tongue forward, high F2; Tongue back, low F2
A key feature that helps distinguish affricates from fricatives + its definition
What is: rise time?
- Rise time is how long it takes for the amplitude to reach its highest value
- Fricatives will have a longer rise time than affricates
The most important cranial nerve for phonation + its origin point on the brainstem
What is: CN X (vagus nerve) with its origin on the medulla
All the components of a signal involved when decoding a spoken message
What are: acoustic, phonetic, phonological, lexical, suprasegmental, syntactic, and semantic
At least 2 expected articulatory features of individuals who have hearing impairment
- May be unable to control suprasegmental aspects of speech
- Most frequent segmental errors in deaf speech are vowel problems
- Consonant errors include omissions, substitutions involving voicing, manner, and place of articulation
- Place of articulation is difficult for many individuals due to the imprecise tongue position and reduced articulatory movement
- Suprasegmental problems they may have include inappropriate, excessive, insufficient variations of F0 and intensity
An explanation of the source-filter theory and how it plays a role in vowel production
- Our vocal folds are the source of phonation, our vocal tract is the filter that these frequencies are driven through
- The resulting output function is the frequencies from the VF's shaped and amplified, with the amplified frequencies known as the formants
The two types of information that enhance our speech perception and decoding of an acoustic signal into meaningful units
What are: contextual and linguistic information
The role of sensory information in speech motor control + an example
What is: Incoming sensory information is used to regulate and adjust motor output and to coordinate muscular adjustments between articulators.
Example: to get a client to get their tongue the alveolar ridge for /l/, you may swipe a lollipop on their ridge for them to get that taste
An example of the feedback model for speech production using the 4 stages as described in the text
What is:
Example - correction of fronting /k/ to /t/
Stage 1: Movement error detected by comparing intended sensory goal w/ actual somatosensory info about movement - client feels tongue is towards front roof of mouth vs. back of mouth
Stage 2: A neural command to correct the movement is generated - a neural command to instead elevate the back of the tongue instead of the tongue tip is generated
Stage 3: Transmission of corrective command to muscles - This neural command then travels to the appropriate posterior part of the tongue
Stage 4: Contraction of the muscles to correct the movement - The palatoglossus and styloglossus then elevate to create the correct /k/ sound
The effects of a left frontal-parietal CVA on a client who is doing the below task
Task: Answering the question "Which of these movies do you prefer?" while reading a bullet point list of movies
+ 1 possible strategy to support either comprehension or production
- Damage to frontal lobe: possible impairment of Broca's area, so client could have trouble with motor aspect of producing speech & possible impairment of primary motor cortex
- Damage to parietal lobe: possible impairment of angular gyrus, so comprehension of written material may be impaired & possible impairment of supramarginal gyrus: planning of motor activities may be impaired so possible effect on coordination
One solution to support comprehension: providing visuals in addition to the written materials and use of gestures by clinician