Key Terms
Mental Lexicon ; lexical access
The study of sound patterns in a language is ______
Phonology
What are the phases of speech production and where does it take place?
Respiration (Respiratory system), phonation (Laryngeal system), and articulation (Supralaryngeal vocal tract)
State the 4 parameters of a vowel
high, mid, low
front, central, back
tense, lax
round, unrounded
Define Dysarthria
Motor speech disorder; impaired movement of muscles and execution
Key characteristic of weakness
Morphemes are the smallest linguistic unit that carries meaning
Sounds that are distinctive are _____ whereas sounds that are not are _____
Phonemes ; allophones
Air flow from lungs provides _____ source for speech production and vocal fold vibration provides ____ source for speech.
The pharynx, oral cavity, and nasal cavity are _______ _____ to shape the sound.
Power ; sound ; resonating cavities
Phonetic approaches versus phonological process therapy
Phonetic approaches focus on placement and movement of articulator - it is motor based errors
Phonological approaches is based on pattern - frequency of occurrence, intelligibility, age and phonological development of the child - target a group of sounds with similar error patterns to help internalize phonological rules
Define Apraxia
Motor speech disorder; impairment in planning and programming the position and sequence of muscle movements needed to produce phonemes
Explain the difference between broad and narrow transcription.
Broad transcription is when we transcribe using phonemes whereas narrow transcription are transcribed using allophones and diacritics
____ is the study of speech sounds both perception and production.
Phonetics
What are the two general approaches to defining a syllable?
2. Based on the force of sound Sonority
In terms of goal and target selection, you can choose between _______ or _______ ______ approaches.
Developmental and complexity based
Define cognate pairs
Sounds that only differ in voicing
Monophthong is a pure vowel whereas a diphthong is a vowel produced with gradually changing quality
Explain the difference between phonetic and phonotactic inventories
Phonetic inventory is the sounds the child can produce
Phonotactic inventory is the syllable shape they are producing (e.g., CV, CVC)
What are factors that could influence scoring and transcription?
Age and behavior, dialect, intelligibility, linguistic context, response complexity, clinician bias
For central vowels, in stressed syllables use _____ and use _____ in unstressed syllables.
/ɝ/ /ʌ/
/ə/ /ɚ/
Explain what Childhood Apraxia of Speech
What is the difference between a phonemic diphthong and a non-phonemic diphthong? How many of each?
Phonemic diphthongs do not have a pure vowel that can be exchanged as an allophone. (3)
Non-phonemic diphthongs have a pure vowel counterpart that can be used as an allophone (2)
______ is the term used to state which sound sequences are permitted in a language and which are not.
Phonotactics
Ex: we would not say "lkisp" in English
Citation versus Stimulability testing
Citation testing is designed to elicit spontaneous naming based on pictures whereas stimulability testing helps you determine what sounds the child produced incorrectly and try to elicit production of those sounds
Nasal, stop, glides are acquired ______
Fricative and affricate are acquired _____
Consonant clusters are acquired _______
Most sounds and clusters are acquired by
Early
Late
Late
7 or 8 years old
Most phonological processes are gone by ___ with the exception of _____.
Intelligibility is good and basic articulatory mastery is complete by age ____.
age 3 with the exception of cluster reduction
5 years old