Good Behavior
Adding something pleasant after a behavior so it happens more often is called...
Positive Reinforcement
Which theorist argued that thinking comes first and that words label what a child already understands?
A) Chomsky
B) Skinner
C) Piaget
D) Tomasello
C. Piaget
A baby looks at a new picture for a long time, then looks a little less each time it comes back. This drop is called: H_________
Habituation
Which of these comes first in a baby’s sound development?
A) canonical babbling
B) jargon
C) cooing
D) vocal play
Cooing
A child says “tookie” for “cookie,” moving a sound from the back of the mouth to the front. This process is:
Fronting
A toddler calls every man with a beard “Santa.” This is an ________
overextension
Taking away something unpleasant so a behavior happens more often is called
Negative Reinforcement
According to the competition model, which cue do English listeners trust most to figure out who did what?
A) word order
B) animacy
C) case marking
D) agreement
A. Word order
After the drop, the baby looks longer or sucks harder when something new appears. This rebound is called D________
Dishabituation
Before birth, what does a baby mostly hear of the voices around them?
A) clear individual words
B) mostly consonant sounds
C) only music, not voices
D) the melody and rhythm of speech
D.) The melody and rhythm of speech
A child says “yeyo” for “yellow.” This process is:
Gliding
Children’s invented words tend to follow three rules. Which one is NOT one of them?
A) simple
B) transparent
C) productive
D) rhyming
D) rhyming
Rewarding closer and closer versions of a target behavior is called:
Shaping
An adult gives a child a lot of help at first, then pulls the help back as the child’s skill grows. This is:
In a study, the group that does NOT get the change, so researchers have something to compare against, is called: The C______ Group
Control
A toddler raises her arms and says “Up!” to mean “Pick me up.” One word doing the work of a whole sentence is called a h __________.
halophrase
A child says “ca” for “cat” and “do” for “dog.” This process is:
Final consonant deletion
A robin seems like a better “bird” than a penguin does. The idea that categories center on a best example and have fuzzy edges is called:
A) prototypes
B) semantic features
C) the basic level
D) taxonomic bias
A.) Prototypes
When parents correct what their young children say, they mostly respond to:
A) whether the sentence is grammatical
B) how the words are pronounced
C) whether the sentence is true
D) how long the sentence is
C. Whether the sentence is true
Which theory says children learn language by reading what other people intend and finding patterns in the language people use with them?
A) nativism
B) behaviorism
C) cognitive theory
D) usage-based theory
D.) Usage-based theory
Babies track how often one syllable follows another to figure out where words begin and end. This is called S_________ L__________.
Statistical Learning
A child says “fumb” for “thumb.” When an adult says “fumb,” the child says, “No! Fumb!” This shows that:
A) she can’t hear the difference between the two sounds
B) she’s copying how her family talks
C) her ear is ahead of her mouth
D) she needs a hearing test
C.) her ear is ahead of her mouth
A child’s speech follows the rules of the dialect spoken in her home and community. This is a language d____________.
Difference
A child assumes every object has only one name, so a new word must go with the object that doesn’t have a name yet. This bet is called:
A) whole object bias
B) shape bias
C) mutual exclusivity
D) taxonomic bias
Mutual exclusivity
Nativists argue that the language children hear is too limited and messy for them to figure out grammar from it alone. This argument is called the P_____ O__ T__ S_______
Poverty of the Stimulus
What is the name of Lucas's dog?
Calvin
Babies hear speech sounds in “boxes.” A small change that crosses into a new box sounds different, but a change of the same size inside one box sounds the same. This is called: C_______ P__________
Categorical Perception
Hearing a new word once and making a rough first guess at its meaning is f______ m_______. Refining that meaning over months or years is s_______ m_______.
Fast mapping; slow mapping
Which sound-play skill do children usually master first?
A) deleting a sound from a word
B) rhyming
C) switching sounds around
D) naming the first sound in a word
B. Rhyming
A child is told a new object is a “wug.” She will most likely call other objects “wugs” if they have the same:
A) color
B) size
C) material
D) shape
Shape