Chapter 9
The validity of the inference about whether the cause-effect relationship holds up with other subjects, settings, and measurements
external validity
Mistakenly attributing causation based on a relationship between two variables
post hoc fallacy
the incentive offered for participation and completion of the questionnaire in this study
extra credit
What are the two roles that every student assumes in the peer review process?
assessor (provides feedback)
assessee (receives feedback)
an effect that occurs when the control group performs about its usual average when it perceives itself in competition with an experimental group that is using a new method or procedure
John Henry effect (compensatory rivalry)
An alternative hypothesis stating that the supposed dependent variable is in actuality the independent variable
reverse causality
The aim of this paper is to
analyze the impact of Twitter on the learning process and whether Twitter contributes to critical thinking skills, to active student roles, and to collaborative learning
Peer review exemplifies ___________, where a person is able to achieve a task with help from the more knowledgeable others
Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development
In its simplest form, an experiment has 3 characteristics. What are they?
(1) an independent variable is manipulated
(2) all other variables that might affect the dependent variable are held constant
(3) the effect of the manipulation of the independent variable on the dependent variable is observed
Intelligence, self-efficacy, home-environment, and motivation are examples of
attribute independent variables
Twitter is an open social network in which all users interact on equal terms. In addition, students could engage with those outside of the course as well.
______ items offered a problem plus a solution.
directive feedback
statistically equivalent
lack of randomization and lack of manipulation of the independent variable
The researchers believe that further research should address...
the privacy of students and the relationship between the digital identity of the student and future professional development
revisions in the students' texts were measured using a ______ scale
ordinal scale (processed, partly processed, and non-processed)
What are at least 3 ways to control for external validity?
(1) randomly sample the population and then randomly assign to treatment group
(2) Identify the relevant characteristics of individuals in the target population and determine the impact of these characteristics by incorporating them into the research study
(3) don't use a pretest
(4) arrange for a second control group to experience an interesting interaction with the researcher, just like the experimental group (similar to placebo effect)
(5) replicate in another setting
What are the two ex post fact research designs AND describe how they differ from each other
proactive: subjects are grouped based on the independent variable and then compared on measures of a dependent variable
retroactive: research seeking possible antecedent causes (independent variables) for a pre-existing dependent variable
The conditions and environment of this study relate to the ideas of the ___________, which takes place when a young person is able to follow an interest with the support of others and can transfer this learning to academic achievement.
theory of connected learning
What connection/limitation did the researchers discuss with regard to the fact that the research population comprised of Dutch students?
Anonymity could have a different effect on the peer review process of students of other cultures. (Prior research has shown that Dutch students do well in student-centered educational settings)