Pharm
This medication is commonly used to treat pain and fever and is generally considered safe when taken as directed.
What is acetaminophen (Tylenol)?
This structure is the primary site of gas exchange in the lungs and is affected in conditions like pneumonia.
What are alveoli?
This electrolyte imbalance is most associated with muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias.
What is potassium imbalance (hypo/hyperkalemia)?
Name the 2 types of assessment.
What are subjective and objective?
The normal range for mean arterial pressure (MAP) required to adequately perfuse vital organs.
What is ≥ 65 mmHg?
The 5 rights of medication administration
What is right patient, right drug, right dose, right route, right time?
This disorder is caused by excess cortisol.
What is Cushing’s syndrome?
What are the 3 components of Cushing’s triad, a sign of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?
What are: Hypertension (widened pulse pressure), bradycardia, and irregular respirations?
The steps of the nursing process in order.
Assessment --> Diagnosis --> Planning --> Implementation --> Evaluate
Type of shock is characterized by widespread vasodilation and decreased systemic vascular resistance.
What is distributive shock (e.g., septic shock)?
Name 2 medications that require therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM).
What are:
Vancomycin
Digoxin
Lithium
Phenytoin
Explain the role of surfactant in the lungs and what happens if it is deficient.
What is:
Surfactant reduces surface tension to keep alveoli open
Deficiency --> alveolar collapse (atelectasis), impaired gas exchange
This condition typically presents with extremely high blood glucose (>600) without significant ketones.
What is hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)?
A patient says “I feel anxious.” What type of data is this AND which step of the nursing process?
What is subjective data and assessment?
2 key differences between DKA and HHS.
What are:
DKA -->ketones + metabolic acidosis
HHS -->little/no ketones, no acidosis
DKA --> rapid onset
HHS --> gradual onset
HHS --> much higher glucose
A patient on warfarin presents with active bleeding. What is the antidote AND labs you would monitor?
What is vitamin K and PT/INR?
The flow of blood through the heart.
What is IVC + SVC --> RA --> tricuspid valve --> RV --> pulmonic valve --> pulmonary artery --> lungs --> pulmonary vein --> LA --> bicuspid/mitral valve --> LV --> aortic valve --> aorta --> rest of body!
Explain why patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at risk for anemia.
What is:
Kidneys produce erythropoietin
Decreased EPO --> decreased RBC production --> anemia
Name 2 priority-setting frameworks used in nursing and explain one.
What are:
ABCs (airway, breathing, circulation)
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
The Nursing Process (ADPIE)
Safety/risk reduction
Urgent vs Non-urgent
Acute vs Chronic
Least Restrictive/Least Invasive
Why patients with Addison’s disease develop hyperkalemia.
What is low aldosterone and decreased potassium excretion in kidneys --> potassium retention
This medication is commonly used to treat hepatic encephalopathy by reducing ammonia levels.
What is lactulose?
Name the 4 lobes of the brain AND one primary function of each.
What are:
Frontal lobe --> decision making, motor function, personality
Parietal lobe --> sensory processing (touch, temperature, pain)
Temporal lobe --> hearing, memory, language
Occipital lobe --> vision
Acid-base imbalance indicated by the following ABG: pH 7.30, PaCO₂ 55 mmHg, HCO₃⁻ 26 mEq/L, and the underlying physiologic cause.
What is respiratory acidosis; caused by hypoventilation leading to CO₂ retention?
Name the ethical principles and explain 1 of them.
What are: Autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, fidelity, veracity, and confidentiality
Explain why patients with Addison’s disease are at risk for life-threatening shock.
What is:
Low cortisol and aldosterone
Sodium and water loss --> decreased volume
Leads to hypotension and shock