This is Gonna Break My Brain….
What is a mediator variable?
Two types: full and partial. Full: fully explains the relationship between IV and DV, without the mediator variable, there is no relationship. Partial: mediator only partially explains the relationship, but relationship still exists when taken out, but it is not as strong
In the words of The Waterboy, “There’s nothing wrong with my Medulla Oblongata!!” what the heck is this? And is Mamma right, that “its where happiness comes from?”
Lower part of brainstem: Responsible for voluntary/involuntary body functions: breathing, heart rate, BP, reflux actions (vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing), nerve pathways (between brain and spinal cord), cross over of nerves (left to right side, right to left side). Damage can affect heart beat and blood pressure, and may lead to aggressive behavior (aggression mostly associated with prefrontal cortex).
What is the least developed sense at birth?
Sight; able to see light and shapes, but inability to focus well or distinguish colors. For this reason, babies are very responsive to patterns with black and white coloring. Can see the best, 8-12incs away (distance a parent hold baby).
Poor Humpty Dumpty is having difficulty recalling new information, while his friend, Little Miss Muffin, is having difficulty recalling old memories because new information keeps inhibiting this process. What are these two struggling with?
Humpty: Proactive interference: old information/memories disrupt learning new information.
Little Miss Muffin: Retroactive Interference: new information/memories interfere with the recall of old information/memories.
Both interfere with long and short term memory
What percent of the population has a psychotic reaction when they use this drug?
1% of the population has a psychotic reaction to cannabis.
What is a moderator variable?
Variable that influences the strength and direction of the relationship between IV and DV; ex: studying how hours of exercise (IV) affect resting heart rate (DV) with age or gender being moderator variables
Help me! I can’t walk straight or move the way I want too. WAAAAAAA. I have brain damage!!! What’s wrong with me?
Damaged Cerebellum: controls/responsible for coordinating voluntary movements: posture, balance, equilibrium, smooth and precise skills. Also plays role in cognitive functions (attention and language, emotional regulation-fear and pleasure)
Wall-E struggles with Tay-Sachs disease. What is Tay-Sachs disease and what chromosome is this on?
This is an autosomal recessive disorder (inherited from both parents), diagnosis made through genetic testing. Affects nerves in the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms may include (and vary by type): Developmental delays, Loss of previously acquired skills (Regression in motor and cognitive abilities), Seizures, Vision and hearing loss, Muscle weakness and paralysis.
Damage on the ________ of the brain results in Broca’s Aphasia, whereas damage to the _________ results in Wernicke’s Aphasia.
A. Left frontal lobe, right parietal lobe
B. Right temporal lobe; left parietal lobe
C. Left frontal lobe, left temporal lobe
D. Right temporal lobe, Right frontal lobe
C. Left Frontal lobe, left temporal lobe
Why is it so dangerous to mix barbiturates and alcohol?
Both of these are CNS depressants: they both have significant sedative qualities activating GABA receptors in the brain. They “depress” heart rate, BP, and breathing, increasing risk of death.
What is a path analysis?
Looks at causal relationships among a set of variables, both direct and indirect effects of IVs on DV
Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall, Humpty dumpty had a great fall, and now experiences muscle weakness on the left side of his body, shows less emotions, and has difficulty with attention, perception, memory, and issues with problem solving. Which side of his noggin did he crack open?
The right side (contralateral effects)
Damage to the right brain affects left side of the body (and vice versa); responsible for emotional regulation, memory, visual spatial abilities, imagination, facial recognition.
Mickey Mouse couldn’t tell the difference between his black and white cartoons and when he became in color. What does he struggle with? For whom is this most common?
More males are diagnosed with color blindness because it is a chromosomal defect on the X chromosome: for women, they need the defect on both XX chromosomes (from both parents) for it to be expressed. This is an X-linked dominant chromosomal disorder.
What is paraphasia and what is this associated with?
A. Missing speech sounds, occurs during middle childhood when still learning language
B. Inability to read and pronounce words correctly, typically occurring in middle childhood
C. Missing speech sounds, occurs when severely intoxicated
D. Missing speech sounds which occurs when comprehension and speech are intact, occurring at any age
D. This is an element associated with conduction aphasia
Which neurotransmitter increases anxiety?
A. Dopamine
B. Adrelaine
C. GABA
D. Glutamate
C. GABA is an inhibitory (decreases firing neuroT: calming) transmitter which decreases anxiety, high levels of GABA result in increased anxiety.
A. Dopamine: neurotT: is a part of the rewards system (and motor functions) in the brain, over or underproduction can have significant effects on mental health or medical disorders
B. Adrelaine: excitatory neuroT (increases firing of neuron), increases alertness and reaction
D. Glutamate: excitatory neuroT (increases firing of neuron) involved in learning, memory, and mood. Excess can lead to death due to resulting brain cell damage
What is a chi square used for?
Analyzing categorical data, testing for independence, assessing goodness of fit, and compare observed and expected frequencies.
Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall, Humpty dumpty had a great fall, AGAIN, and now he can’t see so well and is vomiting. What part of his head did he crack now?
Back of the head, the occipital lobe.
New Mommy Dayanarius “Danny” Targayron is pregnant and visits her OB, Darth Vader, for results of her bloodwork. Darth Vader informs her the “force is not strong with this one” and diagnoses her with PKU. What is this and what does it mean for her and the baby, little Neville Longbottom?
All infants/pregnant women in the US are tested for PKU, phenylalanine, a genetic disease that results in amino acids (phenylalanine) to build up in the baby’s brain. This has a toxic effect that can result in microcephaly (small head), ID, delayed development, mental health disorders, hyperactivity, seizures, and other conditions. When pregnant, and the mother does not already have PKU, this is known as maternal PKU, and must consume a diet low in diet in phenylalanine. Babies born with the inherited genetic disorder PKU, will be on a special diet for their whole lives. This is an autosomal recessive disorder (inherited from both parents).
Severus Snape comes to an initial appointment with you and presents with fluent speech that is meaningless and does not make sense. What is his damage?
A. Conduction Aphasia
B. Global Aphasia
C. Sensory Aphasia
D. Motor Aphasia
What are the hallmarks of Korsakoff Syndrome, and what is this caused by?
Prolonged and heavy alcohol use results in severe thiamine deficiency (Vit. B1). This is a significant neurological condition resulting in severe memory and cognitive impairments: severe memory loss, confusion, difficulty/inability forming new memories, and confabulation.
When would you use a T-Test?
When looking for a significant difference between means.
Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall, Humpty dumpty had a great fall, and really needs to be wrapped in bubble wrap, because now he can’t recognize his friends he has known for years, such as Little Bo Peep, Woody, and Star Lord. What’s wrong with him?
He has prosopagnosia, inability to recognize faces. Due to problem with right hemisphere.
Baby Yoda, also known as Grogu, appears to be a baby with a short and stocky build, has speech and developmental delay, has distinctive facial features, and displays hypertonia, although he is 45 years old. What genetic condition does he have?
Trisomy 21, Also known as Down Syndrome, is a genetic disorder (chromosomal disorder) where a person has a partial copy, or only half a copy of chromosome 21. This occurs due to an error in cell division in either the egg or the sperm (genetically resulting in three copies of chromosome 21). This genetic condition results in distinctive facial abnormalities, specific body type (short and stocky), hypertonia (low muscle tone), developmental delays, speech issues, ID. Risk factors include family history and “geriatric” pregnancy.
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Congrats, for being brave and choosing this one, you get all the points if you tell us the name of one psychological thriller you have watched
What neurotransmitter is believed to distinguish Dementia from Alzheimer’s?
A. AcTH (acetylcholine)
B. L-Dopa (dopamine-DA)
C. Monoamines (3 classes)
D. Serotonin (5-HT)
A. AcTH: involved in voluntary movement and memory/cognition, deficiency = Alz
B. L-Dopa (levodopa) is an amnio acid that is the direct precursos to dopamine; may be prescribed for those with significantly low dopamine (ex: Park. Diease)
C. Monomines: 3 classes: Catecholamines, Indolamines, Histamines
D. 5-HT- dude this is serotine, and significantly linked to mood