I'm a Researcher
When considering errors in reasoning, this is when we only look at things that are in line with our preferences of beliefs?
Selective or inaccurate observation
What is probability sampling?
Sampling methods that relies on a random, or chance, selection so that the probability of selecting a population element is known
what is non-probability sampling?
Selecting from a population using selective, or non-random, process
What is generalizability?
Exists when a conclusion holds true for the population, group, setting, or event that we say it does, given the conditions that we specify
What is internal validity?
Also called causal validity. Exists when a conclusion that A leads to or results in B is correct
Qualitative research often uses this type of strategy. It starts with data, moves to making generalizations, and ends with generating theory.
Inductive research
What is cross-sectional research design?
Research where data are collected at only one point in time
What is a cohort study?
a longitudinal study where data are collected at two or more points in time from individuals in a cohort (e.g. same class, same generation)
When designing a survey, no matter the level of measurement, response options always need to be
exhaustive and mutually exclusive
What is an index?
A composite measure based on summing, averting, or combining multiple questions that are intended to measure the same concept
What are the 4 categories of reasoning errors?
Over generalization, selective or inaccurate observation, resistance to chance, illogical reasoning
What are the 4 types of non-probability sampling?
availability, quota, purpose, snowball
What are the 4 types of probability sampling?
simple random, systematic random, cluster, stratified
What are the 4 types of research?
Exploratory, explanatory, evaluatory, descriptive
What are the 3 kinds of validity?
measurement validity, generalizability, causal validity
What is ecological fallacy?
An error in reasoning in which conclusions about individual level processes are drawn from group-level data
What is nominal level of measurement?
Variables whose values have no mathematical interpretation. They vary in kind but not in amount
Reliable responses to survey questions are not always ____.
Valid
How many cats do you own? This is an example of what kind of question?
Ratio
People who always answer the same response to a question have ____ answers.
Reliable
Juan did research on library usage in urban populations and found out it is similar to library usage in rural populations. This is an example of what kind of validity?
Cross-population or external validity
Sarita reads about social contagion theory. She writes a hypothesis, collects data from X/Twitter, and does analysis to test her hypothesis. She is doing what type of research?
Deductive Research
In this hypothesis, which is the dependent variable? People with dogs tend to have more friends.
Friends
Xochi is researching cat owners. She interviews them once a year over the course of 5 years to find out about how their sharing of their cat on social media changes. This is what type of research design?
Panel
Devon is collecting interviews and organizational documents to see how an organization works. What is their unit of analysis?
Groups
The tye of validity where the items used to measure a concept appear to be generally appropriate.
Face validity
You and your research partner both go separately, at different times, to observe people on Amtrak. You both observe many people dressed in Dodgers gear. This is an example of what kind of reliability?
Inter-observer reliability
Which 3 types of research designs are longitudinal in nature?
Trend, Panel, Cohort
Probability sampling helps to eliminate ____
Bias
If a researcher uses the same items to operationalize a concept as a previous article used. This is an example of what kind of validity?
Criterion