Criminal Justice & Society
This term describes when people released from prison are arrested or convicted again after a period of time in the community.
What is recidivism?
This early education reformer believed schooling could create equal opportunity for all.
Who is Horace Mann?
Before industrialization, most work took place here and focused on family survival.
What is the household?
Men rising quickly through women-majority jobs due to gendered assumptions describes this.
What is the glass escalator?
Family and long-term friends are examples of this group type, defined by emotional closeness.
What is a primary group?
This nation’s rehabilitation-focused prisons contribute to extremely low re-offending rates.
What is Sweden?
This geographic practice made neighborhoods racially segregated, which later influenced unequal school funding.
What is redlining?
Defining work only as paid labor ignores this type of vital labor usually done at home.
What is unpaid domestic work?
Women in male-dominated fields often face isolation and hyper-visibility, contributing to this barrier.
What is the glass ceiling?
Workplaces and political organizations are examples of these formal, impersonal groups.
What are secondary groups?
A news story focuses heavily on street drug users while largely ignoring environmental pollution and corporate fraud. Name the concept sociologists use for the way the criminal justice system “distorts” which dangers appear biggest.
What is the carnival mirror of the criminal justice system?
According to conflict theorists, schools teach obedience, punctuality, and conformity—skills needed for low-wage work—illustrating this concept.
What is social reproduction?
The movement of work from home to wage labor made these two types of labor more rigidly separated.
What are paid and unpaid labor?
Racial bias prevents men of color in women-majority jobs from getting the advantages white men do.
What is the racialized glass escalator?
This process happens when long-standing norms lose their authority, such as when marriage becomes more symbolic than necessary.
What is deinstitutionalization?
Because of racial bias, children of color may be treated as older and less innocent than they are.
What is adultification?
A major reason school funding is unequal: wealthy neighborhoods have more of this, which boosts their schools.
What is higher property tax revenue?
A modern structure focused on efficiency, predictability, and control
What is McDonaldization?
Kanter found that being the numerical minority in a workplace leads to stereotyping, token visibility, and limited advancement.
What is tokenism?
Modern ideas of this family type were promoted after WWII to encourage women to return home and leave wartime jobs.
What is the nuclear family?
A public panic created by authorities or media to exaggerate the threat of a drug or behavior.
What is a socially constructed drug scare?
This state fixed unequal school funding by pooling property tax dollars and distributing them based on district needs.
What is Vermont?
He argued that the rise of capitalism was supported by religious values emphasizing discipline, frugality, and hard work.
Who is Max Weber?
This 2000s trend was framed as women choosing family over career, but research found structural push and pull factors—not personal preference alone.
What is the Opt-Out Revolution?
These structures shape behavior and expectations in core areas of social life, such as family, education, and the economy.
What are social institutions?