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Chapter #4
Chapter #5
Chapter #6
Miscellaneous
100

This level of measurement is categorical and qualitative.

Nominal

100

This type of sampling requires researchers to find the sampling interval first. 

Systematic random sampling

100

Once more, list the three requirements for causation.

1. Correlation

2. Temporal Ordering

3. Nonspuriousness

100

In our example of storks and increased birth rates, we found that there was an extraneous variable. What was it?

Rural location

200

With _______________________ level variables, there is an absolute zero point. 

Ratio
200

This term represents any difference between the characteristics of a sample and the characteristics of a population. 

Sampling error

200

We measure this type of validity when we use someone's SAT scores to predict their performance in college. 

Criterion Validity 

200

Provide an example of a cohort

Students starting at Coker University in 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022.
300

What level of measurement do we have in the following question?

"How many packs of gum have you stolen in your lifetime?"

Ratio 

300
A student wants to research prisoners across the state of SC. They first find a list of counties, randomly select prisons, then randomly select prisoners from within. What type of sampling is this?

Multistage cluster sampling 

300

This type of causal explanation often includes narrative reasoning. 

Idiographic causal explanation

300

True or false: You ALWAYS have sampling error in every study. 

True

400

This occurs when our measure yields consistent scores as long as our phenomenon is not changing.

Measurement Reliability


400

If you simply go to all of your classes and hand out surveys, what type of sampling is this?

Convenience sampling 

400

List and explain ONE type of longitudinal study.

Students can pick from trend studies, cohort studies, and panel studies. 

400

When making survey questions, we want to ensure that we provide mutually exclusive and exhaustive options when we write closed-ended questions. What is meant by "mutually exclusive" and "exhaustive"? Explain! 

Mutually exclusive: Respondents can only select one option. Example: Coin toss, can only be heads or tails, NOT both. 

Exhaustive: All response options are presented. 

500

Explain the four levels of measurement and provide an example of each. 

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, & Ratio

Explain each and provide example.

Dr. P's examples:

Nominal - favorite dog breed

Ordinal - level of satisfaction with the Westminster dog show results 

Interval - Temperature (excluding Kelvin)

Ratio - # of dogs you adopted last year 

500

What is the difference between probability and non-probability sampling? Provide one example of each!

Probability sampling methods typically afford each person in the population an equal and known chance of being selected for participation in a study, whereas non-probability sampling methods do not provide any likelihood of being selected for participation. The latter also introduces bias.  

500

Explain the difference between cross-sectional research and longitudinal research. Which type of research is best to use if we want to establish temporal (time) ordering? Why?

Know this :)

500

If your professor wants to measure the impact of social media consumption on one's support for the death penalty, how would you conceptualize and operationalize the independent variable?

*DOUBLE JEOPARDY*

Students should first identify the IV, then conceptualize and operationalize it as they please!