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Social Change: Population and Urbanization
Work and the Economy
Collective Action and Social Movements
Health and Medicine
Politics
100
The name given to those who conduct a social-scientific analysts of human population
What is Demographers
100
In relation to production, this can be measured per hour or annum
What is productivity
100
This type of collective action is not guided by usual conventions, is often short-lived, and sometimes violent
What is Non-routine
100
According to Talcott Parson’s concept of the sick role, what is the role of the doctor?
What is role of the doctor is to diagnose and treat the sick patient
100
In this type of state, the state sharply restrict citizen control of the state
What is authoritarian states
200
According to the malthusian trap, the only thing that can keep population growth in check is what?
What is unfortunately, is for a cycle of population growth to be followed by an outbreak of war, pestilence, or famine
200
In free markets, how are prices regulated?
What is prices regulated by supply and demand
200
What is frame alignment? Provide an example of frame alignment with reference to social movements.
What is Frame alignment is the process by which individual interests, beliefs, and values become congruent with the activities, goals, and ideology of a social movement. Examples: - social movement leaders reaching out to other organizations who they believe may be sympathetic to their movement’s cause - movement activists stressing popular values that have so far not been featured prominently in the thinking of potential recruits, elevating the importance of positive beliefs about the movement and what it stands for - social movements can stretch their objectives and activities to win recruits who were not initially sympathetic to the group’s original aims
200
The existence of a positive correlation between socioeconomic position and health is called what?
What is socioeconomic gradient in health
200
What are the three types of authority? Provide an example for each.
What is traditional authority: the norm in tribal and feudal societies; rulers inherit authority through family or clan ties legal-rational authority: in modern societies, authority derives from respect for the law charismatic authority: based on a belief in the claims of extraordinary individuals that they are inspired by a god or some higher principle
300
Who believed eliminating poverty would eliminate overpopulation?
What is Karl Marx
300
Conventionally, the economy can be divided into how many sectors? Name and describe each sector. Provide an example for each
What is conventionally divided into three sectors. Primary sector: farming, fishing, logging, mining. Secondary sector: raw materials turned into finished goods through manufacturing. Tertiary sector: services are bought and sold
300
What are key features of new social movements?
What is - became prominent in the 1970s - attract a disproportionately large number of highly educated people in the social, educational, and cultural fields, and universalize the struggle for citizenship* - have global potential - mobilize new repertoires of contention (e.g. digital forms of protest include online fundraising) *universal citizenship: recognizes the right of marginal groups to full citizenship and the rights of humanity as a whole
300
According to socialized medicine, list two of the things that the government is supposed to do.
What is 1) Directly controls the financing and organization of health services 2) Directly pays providers 3) Guarantees equal access to health care 4) Allows some private care for individuals willing to pay for their medical expenses
300
What is the pluralist theory of democracy?
What is holds that power is widely dispersed - as a result, no group enjoys disproportionate influence, and decisions are usually reached through negotiation and compromise
400
According to demographic transition theory, in which stage did the population grow rapidly? Also, what time period did this stage place in?
What is the early industrial (or “transition”) period and 1780s- mid-1800s
400
Compare and contrast Fordism and Taylorism.
What is Fordism: method of industrial management based on assembly-line methods of producing inexpensive, uniform commodities in high volume. Taylorism: Frederick Taylor’s scientific management principle applied to workers to train them to eliminate unnecessary actions
400
What are key features of Breakdown Theory?
What is - Functionalist perspective, popular pre-1970s - Social movements emerge when traditional norms, expectations and patterns of social organization are disrupted - Three main factors: 1) discontent of socially marginal people 2) violation of norms (sometimes called strain) involving “relative deprivation” – perceived gap between rewards deserved and those to be received 3) inherent irrationality of crowd behaviour (e.g. Gustave Le Bon’s “contagion theory”)
400
What is medicalization? Provide an example
What is The process by which a condition or behaviour becomes defined as a medical problem requiring a medical solution. (Prozac example)
400
What are key features of C Wright Mills’ Elite Theory?
What is - small groups occupying the command posts of the most influential institutions make important decisions that profoundly affect all members of society (C. Wright Mills) - they do so without much regard for elections or public opinion - elites: small groups that control command posts of institutions - Mills showed connections among corporate, state, and military elites - Mills denied that these connections turn the three elites into what Marx called a ruling class (a self-conscious and cohesive group of people, led by big corporate shareholders, who act to shore up common capitalist interests); rather, elites operate relatively independently of one another Elite Theory Critiques Pluralism: - research has established the existence of large, persistent, wealth-based inequalities in political influence and political participation - disproportionately large number of people in Canada’s political and other elites come from upper-class and upper-middle class families - (e.g. approximately 40% of Canada’s prime ministers, premiers, and cabinet ministers were born into the richest 10% of families in the country)
500
According to demographic transition theory, what are key features of the post-industrial period and when did it occur?
What is - society largely comprised of peasants; none of the social provisions of a modern welfare state - crude death/mortality rate (annual deaths per 1000 people in a population) was high due to large proportions of people dying every year from inadequate nutrition, poor hygiene, and uncontrollable disease - crude birth rate (annual live births per 1000 people) was also high due to people wanting to have as many children as possible; many children did not live to adulthood and children were viewed as agricultural and economic commodities, as well as old age security
500
Name the work-related revolutions and when they took place. Describe key features of each revolution
What is The Agricultural Revolution (10,000 yrs. ago) The Industrial Revolution (late 1700s) Post-industrial Revolution (late 1900s)
500
Provide two critiques of Breakdown Theory
What is - In most cases of collective action, leaders and early-joiners tend to be well-integrated members of their communities, not socially marginal outsiders. - Levels of deprivation are not commonly associated with the frequency or intensity of outbursts of collective action in Canada or elsewhere. - Most cases of collective action are not spontaneous, unorganized acts of “contagion”; there are typically preconditions which unites participants such as shared attitudes, ideas and norms in the crowd, degree to which participants adhere to norms, prevalence of pre-existing relationships among participants.
500
What are two challenges to traditional models of care?
What is - patient group advocacy: biological citizenship, blurring the lines between lay and expert knowledge - new technologies: problem of access - limits of modern medicine (health care as salvation or curse?) - alternative therapies
500
What are key features of Marxist Instrumentalist & Structuralist
What is instrumentalist Marxists argue that elites form a ruling class dominated by big business - the state is an arm (or “instrument”) of the business elite - big business gains control of the state via: 1) members of wealthy families occupying important state positions in highly disproportionate numbers 2) government officials relying mainly on representatives of big business for advice 3) political parties relying mainly on big business for financial support structuralist Marxists suggest that the capitalist state acts as the arm of big business because it is constrained to do so by the nature of the capitalist system itself (“structural constraint” emphasized over “social origins” or “social ties” of ruling class) -governments in capitalist societies find their field of action restricted to policies that ensure the well-being of big business