Important Terms
This policy or process involves a minority group or culture coming to resemble a dominant group, often being forced to give up their original language and traditions.
What is assimilation?
This economic activity, driven by the European demand for beaver hats, created the first major partnerships between Indigenous peoples and European settlers.
What is the fur trade?
This government-funded, church-run school system was established to transition Indigenous children into European culture.
What are residential schools?
This advisory body was established to help guide federal policy on revitalizing First Nations in Canada.
What is the Truth and Reconciliation Commission?
The following quote most closely aligns with this key idea: "We as a country are living with the massively failed results of a major, long-term, national public policy initiative." -Marie Wilson
What is assimilation?
This worldview centres on Western civilization’s history and values, often disregarding or undervaluing the contributions and perspectives of non-European cultures.
What is Eurocentrism?
These are two benefits for First Nations from early contact with Europeans?
What are two of...
(any of: metal goods, guns, medicine, and military aid)
First passed in 1876, this primary piece of legislation defines who the government recognizes as an "Indian" and remains the main way the state manages reserves.
What is the Indian Act?
This term represents a movement that is considered by some Indigenous groups to be a threat to their guaranteed rights in Alberta.
The following quote most closely aligns with this aspect of how First Nations were treated in the later years of colonization: “We are not forcing anyone to do anything,” he said. “We’ll keep them in the ghetto as long as they want.” -P.E. Trudeau
What are reserves?
this process allows different groups to participate fully in a common society while still maintaining their own distinct cultural identities.
What is integration?
This role was often taken up by the Cree peoples in mediating trade between Europeans and First Nations.
What are middlemen?
This term was used to describe the process of stripping a person's status as a member of the First Nations.
This set of policies was created to advise the Canadian government on future actions to be taken in Indigenous revitalization.
What are the 94 Calls to Action?
The following source most closely aligns with this key piece of legislation: "It has always been clear to me that the Indians must have some sort of recreation, and if our agents would endeavor to substitute reasonable amusements for this senseless drumming and dancing, it would be a great assistance." -John A. MacDonald
What is The Indian Act?
First adopted as an official policy in Canada in 1971, this term describes a society that encourages diverse ethnic groups to coexist and celebrate their heritage within a single nation.
What is multiculturalism?
Often called the first "global war," this conflict between Britain and France ended in 1763. It resulted in New France becoming a British colony, and signified a major shift in relations between First Nations and Europeans.
What is the Seven Years' War?
This legal concept asserts that the British monarch holds the ultimate authority and ownership over all land and law within the country’s borders.
What is Crown Sovereignty?
This landmark settlement in 2007 paved the way for Indigenous revitalization in Canada, in part by committing over $100,000 dollars in federal funding.
What is the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement?
The following quote most closely aligns with these documents: "And whereas [our agents] have humbly besought Us to incorporate them, and grant unto them, and their Successors, the sole Trade and Commerce of all those Seas, Streights, Bays, Rivers, Lakes, and Creeks ... that lie within the entrance of the Streights commonly called Hudson's Streights. -King George III
What are royal charters?
This term is represented in the following quote: "We must handle them with a firm but a kind hand, until they have reached that stage of development where they can be trusted to manage their own property and their own lives."
What is paternalism?
Consisting of a third of modern-day Canada, this massive territory was promised to the Hudson's Bay Company.
What is Rupert's Land?
Most of the land covered by the Numbered Treaties is located in these three provinces, as well as parts of the Northwest Territories, BC, and Ontario.
What are Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba?
This law allows the Alberta government to refuse to enforce federal laws it deems unconstitutional or harmful to the province.
What is the Alberta Sovereignty Act?
The following quote most closely aligns with this key idea: "And then they cut off my beautiful hair. You know and my hair, my hair represents such a spiritual significance of my life and my spirit … You know and I cried and I see them throw my hair into a garbage can, my long, beautiful braids." -Anonymous
What are residential schools?