Altruism
This key term refers to helping another individual at a cost to oneself
What is altruism?
“You scratch my back I’ll scratch yours” is a man-made expression for this concept seen amongst some species of animals
What is reciprocity?
These related individuals would be more likely to assist in another animal's reproductive fitness
What are kin?
Whilst living in groups, these reproductive related connections would be much easier to find
What are mates?
It is performed for its own sake rather than to achieve some other goal defines this element of play
What is self-rewarding behaviour?
This concept involves the only explanation for altruism among non-kin
What is reciprocal altruism?
This researcher first coined the term “reciprocal altruism” in 1971
Who is Robert Trivers?
This term defines an individual who inherits one set of genes from each parent
What is diploid?
This effect explains why an individual is less likely to be attacked in a larger group
What is the dilution effect?
Playing fetch with a dog combines these two types of play
What are social play and object play?
Some species of this nest-building class of animal may assist in raising the young of other individuals
What are birds?
This species of small fish feeds on the leftovers of sharks in exchange for providing a cleaning service
What are pilot fish?
The main purpose of kin selection is to pass these on to the gene pool of future generations
What are shared alleles?
This effect makes it more difficult for predators to focus on a single target in a group
What is the confusion effect?
This neurotransmitter is responsible for modulating motivation to play
What is dopamine?
This species sometimes shares blood-meals with each other based on likelihood of the favour being returned in the future
What are vampire bats?
These bald “I” birds fly in a “V” formation to conserve energy
What are northern bald ibises?
Some “helper” individuals of this mammalian species engage in “sentinel” behaviour to assist the reproductive fitness of their kin
What are meerkats?
This hypothesis suggests that individual's group together to reduce their “zone of danger”
What is the selfish herd hypothesis?
A dog approaching you with a toy in its mouth and bowing is an example of this type of indicator
What is a play marker/signal?
Self-sacrificing individuals of this small burrowing species may give a warning call to their group upon spotting predatory hawks
What are ground squirrels?
This man is well know for studying reciprocity in vampire bats
Who is Gerald Wilkinson?
Expressed as rB > C, this rule shows how relatedness moderates the probability that altruism will occur
What is Hamilton’s rule?
Parasites spread among groups of this species of fish can cause them to be less alert to predators and school less closely together
What are killifish?
Play behaviour is at its highest under these three environmental conditions
What are high food availability, high energy availability and no immediate fitness threats?