Episodic memory
An adjective to describe episodic memories, relating to the level of sensory detail an individual can recall.
What is vivid?
Newborns show a preference for these familiar stimuli from before birth, including their mother’s voice and stories heard in the womb.
Prenatal acoustic stimuli
These caregivers heavily scaffold memory in early memory conversations.
Who are adults, especially mothers?
A question that limits respondents to a predefined set of answer choices (i.e. yes/no)
Close-ended question
The two branches of memory that episodic memory sit under.
What is long-term memory and explicit (declarative) memory?
What memory paradigm, used with 2 to 7 month olds, tests memory of what and where by linking an infant’s movement to a mobile?
The mobile conjugate reinforcement paradigm
Around 3.5 years old
What is the average age of offset of childhood amnesia?
Memories encoded without language are later retrieved without relying on this?
Mothers who ask many open-ended questions use this elaboration style.
High-elaborative style
The type of memory that pairs with episodic memory under explicit (declarative) memory.
What is semantic memory?
At what age did infants in the mobile conjugate reinforcement paradigm take less than one minute to encode the memory?
6 months
Around 2 years old
Until what age is absolute amnesia experienced?
Between these two ages (in months) memory is reactivated through language.
What is 24-36 months?
High elaborative mothers use this to develop episodic memory in their children.
Memory reactivation
The psychologist who described episodic memory as “the ability to experience again now, in a different situation and perhaps in a different form, happenings from the past.”
Who is Endel Tulving?
What aspect of memory is highly specific to the stimulus and context in the first year of life, but becomes more flexible during the second year?
Retrieval
Between 3 to 6 years old
At what age is relative amnesia experienced?
The New Zealand study that studied language and memory.
What is the Magic Shrinking Machine?
An example of this style is “you learned maths at school today, right?”
Low-elaborative style
The four descriptors (from the lecture) that classify an episodic memory.
As retrieval becomes more flexible in infancy, what process becomes more likely and contributes to longer memory retention?
Memory reactivation
~2.5 years for Māori
~3.5 years for White
~4.5 years for Asian
How does the offset of childhood amnesia differ across cultures?
The New Zealand study found that there was no instance where a child used words to describe an event that had not been apart of their productive vocabulary when it was encoded, even if the child had demonstrated this type of recall and had acquired the vocab.
What is non-verbal recall?
In Bronfenbrenner’s model, a high-elaborative mother’s impact on a child’s memories belongs in what system?
Microsystem