Inner Drives & Conflicts
According to this perspective, development is shaped by inner drives and emotional conflicts.
The Psychoanalytic perspective
According to these theories, development happens because of experiences (like rewards, consequences, and examples).
The Learning perspective
Social cognitive theorists see children as what kind of learners, passive or active?
Active learners
What is the name of the model that describes how a person's development is influenced by five nested environmental systems.
Brofenbrenner's (bio)ecological model?
These theories suggest that early experiences with caregivers influence what later aspect of life?
How we form relationships and manage emotions
When a child repeats a behavior because it’s praised, what process is happening?
Reinforcement or learning from consequences
When a child realizes that other people can have different thoughts or feelings than they do, what skill are they showing?
Role- or Perspective-taking
According to these ideas, what’s one example of a “microsystem” that influences a child’s development?
Work, school, friends, family, or neighbors
How many stages are there in Erickson's Psychosocial stages?
8
When children change their behavior after watching how others act, what kind of learning is that?
Observational Learning
What is the process in which children shape their own development by interpreting experiences and adjusting their behavior to meet personal goals?
Self-socialization
Which theory stresses the evolutionary basis of many aspects of parental behavior?
Parental Investment Theory
Freud and Erikson both proposed stage-based theories of development. What is one key difference in what they each believed drives development across these stages?
Freud emphasized biological drives and unconscious conflicts; Erikson emphasized social and cultural challenges (psychosocial crises).
Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of learning. How do they differ in what causes behavior to change?
Classical conditioning links two stimuli through association, while operant conditioning changes behavior through consequences (reinforcement or punishment).
According to Dweck’s theory of achievement motivation, what is the key difference between a learning goal and a performance goal?
A learning goal focuses on improving competence and mastering new material, while a performance goal focuses on receiving positive evaluations or avoiding negative ones.
In Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model, what distinguishes the chronosystem from the other systems?
It captures changes in the child’s environment or experiences over time.