Key Points: Social Disorganization
An economic/sociological measure of a family's/individuals combined total of income, occupation, and education (determines social standing)
What is Socioeconomic Status (SES)?
Networks, norms and trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit
What is social capital?
Shaw and McKay (1942)
Who applied concentric zones to Chicago neighborhoods?
High poverty, abandoned buildings, and lack of resources are examples of these neighborhood conditions linked to crime.
What are disorganized neighborhood conditions?
Institutions of authority and whether there is an obligation to adhere to that authority
What does the theory focus on?
Street-corner peer groups and SES
What are the characteristics of disorganization in the theory?
The link between community structural variables and violent crime
What is the main focus of Collective Efficacy Theory?
Sampson and Groves (1989)
Who tested social diorganization theory?
When people move in and out of a neighborhood frequently, making it hard to build relationships, what is this called?
What is residential mobility?
Quality of routine police services, police misconduct levels, and legal police authority
What are the key variables of collective efficacy and police legitimacy?
Local friendship networks, participation in local and voluntary groups, and residential stability
What are the characteristics of organization in the theory?
Prosocial businesses and places support social interaction (repeated prosocial interaction develops social cohesion which can lead to collective efficacy)
How do you create collective efficacy?
Burgess (1907)
Social disorganization stems from the human ecology theory by who?
This factor refers to many different cultural or ethnic groups living in the same area, which social disorganization theory says can sometimes create crime and delinquency?
What is ethnic heterogeneity?
Conceptualization issues and sampling bias
What are possible explanations as to why the model does not indicate legitimacy promotes collective efficacy?
Central Business District, Zone in Transition, Working-Class Residential Zone, Residential Zone, and Commuter Zone
What are the 5 layers of the Concentric Zone Model?
Population change, institutional interruptions from residential mobility, residential mobility, financial investment in neighborhood, macroeconomic change, economic stratification, and concentrated disadvantage
What are the influences on collective efficacy?
Low SES, ethnic heterogeneity, residential mobility, and familial disruption
What are the 4 main characteristics of social disorganization?
Neighborhoods with few friendship networks, unsupervised peer groups, and low participation in organizations tend to have higher levels of this.
What is social cohesion?
Procedural justice, favorable outcomes, improving neighborhood conditions, effectiveness of fighting crime, reduce fear of crime, and favorable outcomes in police interactions
How do you generate legitimacy?
Fewer friendship networks, unsupervised peer groups, and low levels of community participation have disproportionately higher levels of crime and delinquency
What are the findings of Social Disorganization Theory?
Social cohesion + willingness to intervene for prosocial purposes (common good) = reduced violence
What is the conceptual path of collective efficacy?
Morenoff et al. (2001)
Who incorporated routine activities theory with social disorganization and collective efficacy?
When neighborhoods lack strong networks, shared trust, and community involvement, crime is more likely because this factor is lacking
What is social cohesion?
Each police related variable had a strong relationship with collective efficacy than neighborhood factors
What are the findings of collective efficacy and police legitimacy?