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100
1. The planning fallacy is ________. a. a tendency for individuals to believe that projects will take less time than they actually do b. a bias that some people have in planning for worst-case scenarios c. a tendency to rely on our memories of previous similar activities when planning future projects d. the mistaken belief that one can completely plan for social encounters e. a technique used by some social psychologists when studying group interactions
What is a. a tendency for individuals to believe that projects will take less time than they actually do
100
Heuristics exert a strong influence on our thinking in large measure because ________. a. they rely on our internal personal biases and unknown prejudices b. they are effortful processes that require an expenditure of mental energy c. they activate critical brain structures such as the amygdala d. they allow us to process more information than would otherwise be considered e. they reduce the mental effort needed to make judgments and decisions
What is e. they reduce the mental effort needed to make judgments and decisions
100
Erin's boyfriend has taken her out to dinner at a very exclusive restaurant. Erin notices that he can't seem to sit still during the meal, and is constantly rubbing his left knee, scratching an itch, or pulling his earlobe. This type of body language usually indicates ________. a. emotional arousal b. correspondent inference c. nothing; it cannot be interpreted without more information d. some sort of physical ailment .
What is a. emotional arousal
100
Asch defined "central traits" as those traits that were ________. a. located near the middle of our cognitive structure for attitudes b. located near the middle of a list of traits c. formed by our implicit personality theories d. crucial in shaping the overall impression of a stranger
What is d. crucial in shaping the overall impression of a stranger
100
When we mistakenly believe that others' attitudes are different from our own, we are exhibiting ________. a. attitude discordance b. Stockholm syndrome c. pluralistic ignorance d. introspection e. lack of social awareness
What is c. pluralistic ignorance
200
Random assignment of research participants to experimental conditions means that ________. a. each participant will experience all experimental conditions at different times b. experimental conditions will be the same for all research participants c. participant characteristics will have an effect on the outcomes of the experiment d. each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to each experimental condition e. a confounding of variables cannot occur
What is d. each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to each experimental condition
200
Sabiha is left-handed, and prefers left-handed men. She is going to be introduced to Wilbur. Left-handers comprise about 10 percent of the population. She has been truthfully informed that Wilbur is either a left-handed Chinese psycholinguist or a left-handed used car salesman from the Midwestern region of the United States. If Sabiha makes good use of base rates, which of the following outcomes should she expect? a. Wilbur is a left-handed Chinese psycholinguist. b. Wilbur is a new car salesman from the Midwestern region of the U.S. c. She has been misinformed about Wilbur's existence as a crude statistical prank. d. Wilbur is a used car salesman from the Midwestern region of the U.S. who also happens to be left-handed. e. Wilbur is a Midwestern left-handed Chinese psycholinguist who works as a used car salesman in his spare time.
What is d. Wilbur is a used car salesman from the Midwestern region of the U.S. who also happens to be left-handed.
200
Jackie took longer to reply to certain questions and the pitch of her voice rose considerably; these aspects of her ________ gave away that that she was lying. a. linguistic style b. nonverbal cue c. lack of affect d. choice of proper nouns e. logical coherency
What is a. linguistic style
200
Findings examining implicit personality theories regarding birth order are shown to provide some evidence of self-fulfilling prophecy. One study demonstrated that first-born children a. had higher occupational status and more education. b. had lower occupational status and less education. c. had lower occupational status but more education. d. had higher occupational status but less education. e. generally failed to live up to the expectations of the birth order implicit personality theories.
What is a. had higher occupational status and more education
200
Fazio's attitude-to-behavior process model suggests that an event may activate an attitude and ________, which both influence our behavior. a. knowledge of social norms b. rational thought processes c. situational constraints on our behavior d. impression management functions
What is a. knowledge of social norms
300
Researchers believe that experiencing strong negative emotions such as fear or anxiety will increase people's need to affiliate. To test this idea, the researchers randomly assigned participants to one of two small groups. Members of Group 1 were left for 10 minutes in a room with no windows. While waiting, the lights went out for a brief period of time and the participants could hear screams from another room. Members of Group 2 were likewise left for 10 minutes in a room with no windows, but the lights were left on and no screams were heard. Researchers observed how frequently members of each group started conversations with other members of their group on non-experiment related topics. In this experiment, the independent variable is ________. a. whether or not the lights went out and screams were heard b. the frequency of non-experiment related conversations c. the current emotional state of the participants d. the level of anxiety induced in the participants e. assignment to one of the three groups
What is d. the level of anxiety induced in the participants
300
The storing of information in memory involves the process known as ________. a. storage b. attention c. retrieval d. cognitive load e. encoding
What is e. encoding
300
The concept of complex causality is a. the idea that everything is caused by fate. b. the idea that people always have complete control over their own outcomes. c. the idea that many causes play a part in an event and no one cause is essential. d. incongruent with most Asian ways of thinking. e. predominantly a Western way of thinking about causality.
What is c. the idea that many causes play a part in an event and no one cause is essential.
300
An involuntary negative reaction to a member of a stigmatized group is more likely to be the result of an ________ attitude. a. explicit b. implicit c. uncontrollable d. egalitarian e. angry
What is b. implicit
300
Messages that arouse moderate levels of fear are effective at changing behavior if they ________. a. include specific information about the source of the fear b. also modify or suppress the third person effect c. are followed by messages that arouse stronger levels of fear d. include specific information about steps we can take to reduce the fear e. activate the self-esteem function of attitudes
What is d. include specific information about steps we can take to reduce the fear
400
4. When research results are not consistent with a theory, the researcher's next step usually involves ________. a. replacing the theory with a different one b. modifying the theory and collecting additional data c. modifying the results to be consistent with the theory d. shifting to a different paradigm e. contesting any critical reviews of the theory
What is b. modifying the theory and collecting additional data
400
9. Molly and Emily are members of a girls' basketball team who are responsible for helping to organize fundraising efforts for their team. Molly is extremely motivated to complete this task; in contrast, Emily only shows a mild interest in completing the required task. Which of the following statements BEST summarizes the likelihood that Molly and Emily will complete their tasks? a. Molly's motivation will likely cause her to predict that she will finish her task quickly; however, this will have no effect on whether she actually completes her task quicker than Emily. b. Molly's level of motivation should not have any effect on how she thinks about proceeding with this task; consequently, Molly and Emily should complete the task at about the same time. c. Molly's motivation will probably cause her to become overly optimistic which, in turn, will cause her to not complete the task at all; Emily's lack of motivation will likely cause her to complete the task, surprising even herself. d. Molly's motivation will probably cause her to become overly optimistic which, in turn, will cause her to not complete the task at all; similarly, Emily might not complete the task at all due to her lack of motivation.
What is a. Molly's motivation will likely cause her to predict that she will finish her task quickly; however, this will have no effect on whether she actually completes her task quicker than Emily.
400
We are MOST likely to believe that the behaviors of others are suggestive of their ________ when it is seen to ________. a. stable traits; be socially desirable b. external influence; have occurred in the presence of others c. socially undesirable traits; have occurred without choice d. stable traits; be socially undesirable e. socially desirable personality; have occurred outside the presence of others
What is d. stable traits; be socially undesirable
400
By reinforcing children with smiles, hugs, or attention when they repeat things they've heard their parents say, parents are using ________ to shape their children's attitudes. a. instrumental conditioning b. observational learning c. positive regard d. the zone of proximal development e. classical conditioning
What is a. instrumental conditioning
400
In the study involving the effects of caffeine and distraction on the effectiveness of persuasive messages, researchers found that ________ relevant to the arguments about the attitude object ________ in the ________ condition because ________. a. the number of thoughts; increased; caffeine; attentional focus was higher on the arguments b. number of thoughts; decreased; caffeine; participants focus was jangled by the effects of the caffeine c. the level of resistance; increased; placebo; participants thought more about counterarguments d. the number of peripheral cues; increased; caffeine; participants were distracted by them e. the number of thoughts; increased; placebo; participants could concentrate in a relaxed way on the arguments
What is a. the number of thoughts; increased; caffeine; attentional focus was higher on the arguments
500
Which of the following individuals is MOST likely to experience information overload? a. A person who is talking on a cell phone while driving a car b. A person who is eating dinner while watching television c. A person who is singing in the shower d. A person who is dancing and talking at a party e. A person who is chatting with his wife while dressing for work
What is a. A person who is talking on a cell phone while driving a car
500
The process whereby we seek to know and understand others is called ________, and frequently makes use of ________. a. social awareness; not really caring about people b. social attribution; not really caring about people c. social perception; nonverbal communication d. social consistency; correspondence bias e. social discovery; verbal communication
What is c. social perception; nonverbal communication
500
Chelsea and Anita are both required to give a speech supporting a woman's right to abortion on demand in a public-speaking class. Anita believes that Chelsea gave her speech because she is a strong supporter of the right-to-choose movement. Anita is neutral on the topic and only gave her speech because it was assigned. Anita's belief about Chelsea is probably a result of ________. a. explicit theory formation b. the actor-observer effect c. the discounting principle d. implicit theory formation e. base rate bias
What is b. the actor-observer effect
500
Students entering college who had social networks with more ____ attitudes toward affirmative action exhibited ____ change over the following two months. a. diverse; more b. similar; more c. diverse; no d. diverse: less e. similar; no
What is a. diverse; more
500
People can become more resistant to attitudinal changes if they are first presented with opposing views and ________. a. counterarguments to the opposing views b. counterarguments to the currently held views c. factual information without any emotional appeals d. arguments that support the opposing views e. emotional appeals to remain strong in their beliefs
What is a. counterarguments to the opposing views