cultural dimensions
What is a cultural dimension?
One example
A description of cultural values
Individualism and Collectivism
What is enculturation?
The process of acquiring the cultural values and understanding cultural norms of one's home culture.
What is acculturation?
The process of adapting and changing as a result to life in a secondary culture.
What are two factors that could affect prosocial behaviour?
Diffusion of responsibility / how many people around to help;
economic productivity (wealth) of a culture/city/country;
cultural values (i.e. cultural dimensions);
empathy;
the presence of an authority figure
What is one central claim of realistic group conflict theory?
Conflict arises when there is competition for scarce resources.
Which researcher used IBM employees from around the world to describe six cultural dimensions?
Hofstede
What are two ways enculturation occurs? (i.e. what are two ways culture is transmitted?)
Parenting, Peers, Media, School
What are four acculturation strategies?
Integration, assimilation, separation, marginalisation
What were three factors that Levine (1994 and/or 2001) found affected prosocial behaviour?
Economic productivity,
population size,
population density,
cultural values.
What was the name of the experiment that tested the RCT?
The Robber's Cave Experiment
Where does a sense of identity come from in a collectivist culture and an individualistic culture? (Two answers)
Collectivist - belonging to a group
Individualistic - individuality (including personal achievements)
In Barry et al.'s study, which types of cultures valued independence and initiative?
Low food accumulating (subsistence economies), like those relying on hunting and fishing
Which acculturation strategy has the best mental health outcomes for immigrants?
Integration
How did Cialdini get more people to re-use their towels in the hotel field experiment?
They changed the wording on the cards to tell people that others staying in the hotel also re-used their towels.
What were four characteristics of the participants in the Robber's Cave experiment?
white, middle class, protestant, male, 11-12 years old, parents still married, American.
What were the findings of Berry's (1967) study about level of conformity across two societies using Asch paradigm procedures?
Temne people (collectivist culture) conformed significantly more than the Inuits (individualistic culture).
Berry attributed behaviour to differences in economic practices (relying on cooperation to feed 'tribe' vs fending for oneself as a lone hunter).
Why would a high food accumulating culture be more likely to conform?
Because (according to Barry's study) they're raised with values related to obedience and responsibility, thus they're more likely to follow cultural and social norms.
What are two factors than can influence acculturative stress? (According to Torres et al.'s study)
Discrimination and the acculturation strategy used
How do the results of Bridgeman's study show the the jigsaw classroom could promote prosocial behaviour?
It shows kids in jigsaw style classrooms are better at perspective taking, which could increase their empathy, which could make them more likely to help others.
What are three examples of conflict that occurred between the boys?
Raiding of cabins, burning of flags, booing each other during sports, verbal and physical fighting.
Aim - study 5 countries (China, Germany, Turkey, the UK, and USA) to investigate differences in rate of flashbulb memories in collectivitst and individualistic cultures.
Findings - collectivistic cultures > personal importance and intensity of emotion played less of a role in predicting flashbulb memories
individualistic cultures > place greater emphasis on an individual's personal involvement and emotional experiences
What's one piece of evidence that suggests low food accumulating cultures conform less than high food accumulating cultures?
Berry's study that showed Inuit's (individualistic) had lower levels of conformity than the Temne people in Africa (collectivist)
What evidence from Torres study suggests that integration can reduce the effects of discrimination?
There was a correlation between "higher Anglo behavioural orientation" (e.g. were fluent in English) and reduced levels of acculturative stress as a result of discrimination.
Where in Australia is Ms Oakley from???
Sydney, Northern Beaches.
What were two resources and two competitions that the researchers included in the competition phase of the experiment?
Resources: medals, trophies and pocket knives Competitions: tug-of-war, baseball