Erikson
True or False: Every individual will solve the crisis associated with each stage of development.
False: Some individuals will not solve the crisis associated with a certain stage and will face setbacks based on this idea.
True or false: in heteronomous morality, rules are subject to change, yet are generally rigid.
False. Rules are permanent, do not change, and must be followed.
Fill in the blank: In the conventional level, morality is defined in terms of ______ with peers.
Cooperation
During the preschool years, ____ begin to play an increasingly important role in children’s social and cognitive development.
Peers
This child is depressed, hopeless, and angry. What could be going on?
Emotional disorder
Who is the main influence in the trust vs. mistrust stage?
The mother
Define “immanent justice” regarding heteronomous morality.
The idea of misbehavior always receiving punishment (example of breaking rule then falling hurting knee being justice)
According to Kohlberg, what are the three levels of morality?
Pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional
Self-concept involves perceiving our strengths, weaknesses, abilities, attitudes, and values. This happens in what phase?
Elementary years
Why do teens participate in risky behaviors?
A form of rebellion
True or false: Intrinsic forces determine most success in each stage.
False: the environment (extrinsic forces) determine most of the success in each stage.
What types of changes allow children to progress from the heteronomous stage of morality to autonomous?
Changes in cognitive structures and social interactions with peers of equal status
According to Kohlberg, in what morality level is the “law and order” stage?
Conventional
This type of play involves children engaged in the same activity side by side but with very little interaction or mutual influence.
Parallel play
What is a good way to prevent risky behavior?
Life skills training, open conversations, engagement in prosocial organizations
What type of development is Erikson touching on?
Psychosocial
Autonomous morality is also known as “the morality of ______.”
Morality of cooperation
Name 1 criticism of Kohlberg.
His research only involved boys, children are generally able to reason better than a stage theory would imply, deals with moral reasoning instead of actual behavior, where there isn’t a clear link.
Realizing that laws are not “frozen” in place happens in this stage
Stage 5
True or false: As someone ages their circle of friends decreases.
False: as someone ages, their circle of friendship greatly expands which increases the influence of outside sources.
Name that stage: This person is experiencing great regret for the things that they did not accomplish thus far in their life.
Integrity vs. Despair
Name a criticism of Piaget’s theory (Hint: this criticism also goes for Kohlberg’s Theory)
The idea of stages minimizes the sophisticated ways that young children are actually able to reason in moral situations. In other words, children as young as 3 and 4 may be able to evaluate conduct using intention as a factor.
True or false: in Stage 3 of Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning, what is right is what satisfies one’s own needs.
False: this is Stage 2. In Stage 3, good behavior is whatever helps others and you may gain approval from being nice.
The tendency to think about what is going on in one’s own mind and to study oneself is called what
Reflectivity
What are some factors that contribute to self-esteem?
Social status, personal beliefs, personal traits, loyalty of friends