Ancient political theory
Mention which was the first Greek pólis in which democracy appeared as a political system.
Athens.
Explain why the State, according to Hobbes, is a Leviathan.
Because it is an immortal god created by mortals and indestructible by them.
What are the moments of dialectics?
Affirmation, negation, and overcoming [Aufhebung].
Marx and Engels were intellectual disciples of:
Hegel.
Johann Gottlieb Fichte wrote the following text...
Addresses to the German Nation.
Mention a president with a neoliberal background.
E.g. Carlos Salinas de Gortari.
Who was the first democratically elected ruler in Western history?
Pericles.
Mention the main mechanism of political action of the population according to Rousseau.
The general will.
What are the three moments of the Hegelian system?
Science of logic, philosophy of nature, and philosophy of spirit.
What was the political orientation of the Right Hegelians?
Conservatives, pro-monarchy, or liberals.
Mention the historical context in which Fichte wrote the Addresses to the German Nation.
The Napoleonic invasions of the Holy Roman Empire (German Regions).
Name a president with a libertarian background.
Eg. Javier Milei.
According to social anthropology, what was the first political organization?
Clan organization and family authority.
What are the three fundamental rights of Lockean liberalism?
Life, liberty, and property.
What are the conditions for philosophy to be a science?
A system, its own method (dialectical), and the ability to provide demonstrations.
This is a concept that explains how the social means of production and the economic dynamics of a society work.
The infrastructure [Basis].
Who wrote The Concept of the Political?
Carl Schmitt.
This is a theory that advocates for the deregulation of the market. It prioritizes business and competition. The name of this theory and its main theorist is:
Neoliberalism and Milton Friedman.
According to Plato, from which social class will the philosopher king have to emerge?
The guardians.
According to this thinker, the state of nature is equivalent to a state of total war. This is why freedom must be relinquished in the social contract.
Thomas Hobbes.
What is the object of study at each stage of the Hegelian system?
Science of logic - metaphysics and ontology. Being and thought. Philosophy of nature - natural laws. Philosophy of spirit - culture.
This is a concept that, through mass media and cultural media justifies the prevailing economical system and legitimizes the owners of the means of production.
The superstructure [Überbau].
What is the fundamental purpose of the notion of "the people [Volk]" in the context of German romanticism and nationalism?
Mechanism of segregation.
Name the three states that were in conflict during the 20th century.
Liberal democracy, socialism, and totalitarianism.
List in order the types of ideal governments according to Plato.
Democracy, aristocracy, monarchy, and monarchy with a philosopher king.
According to John Locke, what are the powers of the State?
1. Executive power. 2. Legislative power.
What is spirit [Geist] and its respective degrees?
Mentality, mode of thought and product of consciousness - Subjective spirit, objective spirit and absolute spirit.
According to Marx, what does alienation consist of?
It is the process by which the working class is deprived of its work and wealth.
Why is Dracula a work that fits within the paradigm of nationalism and romanticism?
Because it is a work that presents the Turkish invasion as a social threat. It is a denunciation of foreign invasion, represented by Count Dracula.
It argues that social spheres generate their own notions of justice. The role of the state is to guarantee and protect these spheres. The position and its main theorist are:
Communitarianism and Michael Walzer.
List in order the vicious governments according to Plato.
Ochlocracy, oligarchy or timocracy, and tyranny.
According to Kant, is it true or false that law should be a legal continuation of the categorical imperative?
True.
Why is the master-slave dialectic cyclical? Furthermore, what two factors eliminate this dialectic?
Because it's like a role-playing game in which the slave reverses the master's role. Love, on an individual level, and the State, on a collective level.
According to Marx, what are the two social and historical classes? In addition to this, by which process they relate to each other from a historical point of view?
Social classes: 1. Working class. 2. Owners of the means of production. History: dialectic of social class struggle; appropiation of the hegelian master and servant dialectic.
List the elements of a totalitarian state.
1). Control and obedience. 2). Propaganda. 3) Centralization of power in a single institution, usually the army. 4) Defense against the crisis. 5). Monopoly of force and violence. 6). State of exception.
It is a social stance that advocates for the defense of individual liberties above all else and a minimal State. The name of the stance and the thinker is:
Robert Nozick's libertarianism.
What is the political system that Aristotle defends and why? Give a historical or biographical reason and a philosophical one.
Democracy. Because of Alexander the Great and the guarantee of the common good: happyness and virtuosness.
In The Social Contract, what problem associated with freedom does Rousseau intend to solve through the social pact?
To correct the dominance of the law of force and transform natural freedom into civil freedom.
How does the servant rebel against the master?
Through work.
What is the critique that Marx poses against Hegel?
Dialectic or historical materialism. The inversion of idealism into economical (material) conditions. Economy comes firts, then the political system, and finally ideas.
According to Carl Schmidt, what is the distinction between friend and enemy?
It is the State's ability to identify and confront its political adversaries.
This is a thought experiment that refers to the original position from which we start socially. This exercise addresses the social disparities that exist in current socio-political models of capitalist democracies. The name of this thought experiment and its author are:
John Rawls's Veil of Ignorance.
Name the four cardinal virtues according to Plato, their soul dimensions, and their respective social classes in the ideal city.
Moderation, courage, prudence, and justice. Desires [Epithymía], emotions [Thymós] and reason [Logistikón]. Handworkers, guardians and government.
According to Kantian theory, what is the difference between forms of domination (imperii) and forms of government (regiminis)?
The former are despotic forms of domination that lack real constitutionality, while the latter are more just. The latter possess a separation of powers and constitutionality.
What does recognition consist of in the dialectic of master and servant?
The search for autonomy, dignity, and freedom of a conscience, the self.
According to Marx, what are the main historical periods and their respectives economical systems?
1. Primitive Communism - no private property. 2. Slavery - slaves. 3. Feudalism - land. 4. Capitalism - capital. 5. Socialism - to be developed.
What does the Romantic intellectual project consist of, and why is it a rejection of the Enlightenment?
It consists of elevating emotion above reason, thus rejecting a rational-scientific view of reality.
What are the three main influences that Hegel had on communitarianism?
1. Historicy. 2. Recognition. 3. Ethical life [Siitlichkeit]. Collection of contextual social practices.