Social Cognition
A type of learning in which behavior is controlled by consequences, such as rewards or punishments
Positive or negative feelings one has about themselves
Self-esteem
Relatively enduring evaluation of an object, person, place, idea, etc
Attitude
The process of trying to determine the cause behind someone's behavior
Causal attribution
Tendency for people to adopt the behavior, attitudes and values of other members of a group
Conformity
The experience of being drawn to another person, involving a combination of cognitive, affective, and behavioral processes
Interpersonal attraction
Selfless concern for the well-being of others, even when it brings no reward
Altruism
Aggression that occurs with only a small amount of forethought or intent and is determined primarily by impulsive emotions.
Emotional aggression (hostile aggression)
A learning process in which a person comes to associate two things that are repeatedly linked, leading one to trigger a response that was originally caused by the other.
Classical conditioning
The process of comparing oneself to others who are perceived as better off or more successful
Upward social comparison
The process of changing someone’s attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors
Persuasion
What are the two types of attribution?
Internal attribution: Explaining behavior by locating its cause within the individual—such as their personality, character, intentions, or abilities
External attribution: Explaining behavior as the result of situational factors, rather than personal traits or characteristics.
Doing something in response to an authority figure’s instructionObedience
Obedience
A dysfunctional form of reliance where one or both individuals become excessively dependent on the other for their emotional well-being, sense of self-worth, or validation.
An affective response in which a person understands, and even feels, another person’s emotions and experience
Empathy
Strategic, goal-oriented aggression that is intentional and planned
Cognitive aggression (instrumental aggression)
Any action or stimulus that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated
Reinforcement
The process of comparing oneself to others who are perceived as worse off or less successful, often to boost self-esteem or feel better about one’s own situation.
Type of information processing that occurs automatically without paying much attention to the content of the message itself. Usually influenced by affective (emotional) responses
Spontaneous Message Processing
The tendency to overemphasize internal traits and underestimate situational factors when explaining others' behavior
Fundamental Attribution Error
The authority to influence or control the behavior, decisions, or perceptions of others within a social group.
Social power
A cognitive bias in which perceiving someone as physically attractive leads to more favorable evaluations of their other, unrelated traits.
Halo effect/“What is beautiful is good” stereotype
People are more likely to help when...
Convenience, Rewards, Positive mood
A process for learning (in this case, for learning to be aggressive) in which individuals watch others and imitating their actions.
Observational learning
Any consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
Punishment
Concept that suggests people form their self-concept based on how they believe others perceive them.
Looking-glass self
Type of information processing that requires deliberately evaluating the content of the message
Thoughtful Message Processing
The tendency to remember and give greater importance to information that is presented first in a sequence
Primacy Effect
When individuals conform because they believe others have more accurate knowledge
Informational Social Influence
When two people mutually share personal thoughts, feelings, or experiences with each other, building trust and closeness
Reciprocal self-disclosure
People are more likely to help those who...
Similarity, Perceived Need, Perceived Deservingness
The tendency to become used to, and thus normalize, a stimulus
Desensitization
The tendency to seek, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms existing beliefs.
Confirmation bias
The process by which individuals try to control the image they project to others in order to influence how they are perceived
Self-presentation
How influential, stable, and resistant to change an attitude is
The tendency to make more favorable attributions for ourselves than we would for others
Actor-observer bias
When individuals conform to be liked, accepted, or to avoid rejection by a group.
Normative Social Influence
This type of relationship is transactional, where individuals keep track of contributions and expect something in return for what they give.
Exchange relationships
The belief that people have a duty help others in need and behave in ways that benefit the larger community
Social responsibility norm
A process for learning (in this case, for learning to be aggressive) that relies on reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior
Operant learning
When you change your existing schemas/beliefs on the basis of new information
Accommodation
Describes how many different, distinct aspects or roles make up a person’s self-concept
Self-complexity
A persuasion strategy in which agreeing to a small request increases the likelihood of agreeing to a larger request late
Foot-in-the-Door Technique
The tendency to make favorable attributions of one's own group (crediting positive outcomes of one's own group to internal factors while attributing negative outcomes to external factors).
Group-serving bias
When someone accepts others’ views as their own because they believe those views are correct
Private acceptance
Theory that claims love consists of three primary components, whose different combinations produce distinct forms of love.
Triangular theory of love — intimacy, passion, commitment
The pattern in which helping behavior decreases as the number of observers increases.
Bystander effect
How easily a thought or concept comes to mind
Cognitive accessibility
The process of integrating new information into an existing schema
Assimilation
The gap between one's perception of their actual self and ideal self
Self discrepancy
A persuasion strategy in which a large request is initially made (and rejected) to increase compliance with a smaller request.
Door-in-the-Face Technique
Tendency to generalize about entire groups based on individual examples
Group Attribution Error
When a person outwardly goes along with a group’s behavior or beliefs but privately disagrees
Public Compliance
In this type of relationship, individuals are motivated by another person’s wants and needs without expecting an immediate return.
Communal Relationship
A reduction in personal obligation to help that occurs when responsibility is shared among many people.
Diffusion of responsibility
When negative emotions caused by one person trigger aggression toward a different person
Displaced aggression