Anthropology 1
This term describes judging other cultures by the standards of your own culture.
Ethnocentrism
A student learns about a tradition that seems strange to them but decides to understand it from the point of view of the people who practice it. What concept is the student using?
Cultural Relativism
Anna O.'s case played a major role in the development of Freud's theories. What idea about human behaviour did her case help support, and why?
The existence of the unconscious mind, because her symptoms could not be explained by physical illness alone.
Carl Jung agreed that the unconscious mind influences behaviour, but what major concept did he add that Freud did not?
The Collective Unconscious
What term describes the learning of basic norms, values, language, and behaviours from family during early childhood?
Primary Socialization
Name the modern cargo cult that is often used as an example in anthropology courses to explain how material goods can influence religious beliefs.
(Cargo Cults) John Frum Cult
This theory suggests that conflict occurs when technological innovation advances faster than cultural values.
Cultural Lag
Maslow observed that people often focus on food, shelter, and safety before pursuing creativity and personal growth. What theory did this observation help support?
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
A psychologist wants to teach a new behaviour by adding a reward after the behaviour occurs. Which theory would they most likely use, and why?
Operant Conditioning, because behaviour is shaped through reinforcement and punishment.
A teenager starts dressing, speaking, and behaving like their friend group. Which agent of socialization is most directly influencing them?
Peers (Friends)
What theory did Lucy's discovery provide strong evidence for, and why?
Natural Selection (Evolution), because Lucy had both ape-like and human-like traits, showing that humans evolved gradually over time.
Give TWO examples from history that show gender roles are culturally constructed.
Pink was once for boys. Men were cheerleaders. Men wore high heels. Women brewed beer. Boys wore dresses. Secretaries were once men.
Little Albert eventually became afraid of rabbits, dogs, and other furry objects even though they had never been paired with a loud noise. What concept does this demonstrate?
Stimulus Generalization
What percentage of happiness is estimated to come from life circumstances such as wealth, employment, or winning the lottery?
About 10%
The murder of Kitty Genovese is often used to explain what sociological concept, and what does it suggest about human behaviour in groups?
The Bystander Effect; people are less likely to help when others are present because responsibility is diffused.
An anthropologist studies how pitch, pauses, and emphasis affect communication without changing the actual words being spoken. What field is being studied?
Paralanguage
What hypothesis suggests that communication evolved from gestures and facial expressions into modern language?
Biami Hypothesis
hat theory was strengthened by the results of Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment?
Attachment Theory
Bandura found that children are more likely to copy a behaviour under several conditions. Name two.
They pay attention to it. They remember it. The model is admired. The model is similar to them. The behaviour is rewarded. They have the opportunity to copy it.
A school stops teaching students basic skills and social expectations. According to Functionalism, what sociological term describes this failure?
Dysfunction
Around 1.8 million years ago, what two major developments helped humans develop language?
Larger brain size and the development of Broca's and Wernicke's areas.
In linguistic anthropology, Genie's case is often used as evidence against one theory of language acquisition and in support of another. Name both theories and explain why linguists use her case this way.
Against Behaviourism, because Genie did not fully learn language simply through imitation and reinforcement. Supports the Critical Period Hypothesis (or Interactionism), because her lack of language exposure and social interaction during childhood prevented normal language development later in life.
A child understands that a hidden toy still exists even when it cannot be seen. According to Piaget, what developmental milestone has been achieved, and during which stage does it occur?
Object Permanence; Sensorimotor Stage.
What cognitive bias causes people to assume that another person's behaviour is caused by their personality rather than their situation?
Fundamental Attribution Error
What process occurs when an institution attempts to replace an individual's existing norms and values with new ones?
Resocialization