Definitions 1
Ethnic Nationalism
Nationalism based on shared ancestry, ethnicity, language, or traditions.
Nationalist Loyalties
Loyalty to a nation or national identity.
Bilingualism
The use of two official languages, especially English and French in Canada.
A Canadian law that gave the federal government control over many parts of First Nations life. It has been criticized for assimilation and limiting Indigenous self-determination.
Indian Act
Reconciliation
Repairing relationships after harm, especially between Indigenous peoples and Canada.
Contending Loyalties
Loyalties that compete or conflict with each other.
Alienation
Feeling isolated, excluded, or disconnected from society or government.
Assimilation
When a minority group is pressured or forced to adopt the dominant culture.
Treaties signed between First Nations and the Canadian government, mostly in Western and Northern Canada. They involved land, rights, promises, and government control.
The Numbered Treaties
Nunavut was created in 1999 as a territory with a majority Inuit population. It was an important achievement for Inuit self-government and land claims. of Nunavut
Creation of Nunavut
Cultural Pluralism
Different cultural groups living together while keeping their own identities.
Self-Determination
The ability of a people or nation to make their own decisions.
Multiculturalism
A policy or idea that supports many cultures living together equally.
A 1970 crisis in Quebec when the FLQ kidnapped government officials to push for Quebec independence. Pierre Trudeau used the War Measures Act in response.
FLQ Crisis
Sovereignty
A country’s power to govern itself and make its own decisions.
Federalists
People who support a united Canada and the federal system.
Non-Nationalist Loyalties
Loyalty to things other than a nation, such as family, religion, class, or beliefs.
Enemy Aliens
People from countries Canada was at war with who were treated as possible threats.
A period of major change in Quebec during the 1960s. Quebec became more secular, modern, and nationalist.
Quiet Revolution
In 1980 and 1995 about sovereignty. Both votes rejected separation, but the 1995 vote was extremely close.
Quebec Referendums
Sovereignists
People who support Quebec becoming independent from Canada.
Equalization Payments
Money the federal government gives to poorer provinces to help provide similar services.
War Measures Act
A Canadian law that gave the government emergency powers during war or crisis.
A 1990 conflict between the Mohawk people and the town of Oka over land and a proposed golf course expansion. It became a major example of Indigenous land rights conflict in Canada.
Oka Crisis
A federal government proposal to remove special legal status for First Nations people. Indigenous leaders rejected it because they saw it as assimilation.
1969 White Paper