Research Methods 1
This is a testable prediction, often prompted by a theory, to enable us to accept, reject, or revise the theory
What is a hypothesis?
This descriptive method records behavior in a natural environment
What is naturalistic observation OR ethnographic study?
A threat to internal validity
What are history, mortality, sampling bias, statistical regression to the mean?
This is the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
What is range?
A type of analysis used for qualitative data
What is content analysis, thematic analysis, and grounded theory?
A statement of the procedures used to define research variables.
What are operational definitions?
An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles but may not be representative of the larger population
What is a case study?
The difference between experimental and control group
What is the experimental treatment/intervention?
These are the three criteria to establish cause and effect between two variables.
1. Temporal or Time ordering of variables; Independent variable comes before dependent variable.
2. Correlation or Association between the two variables.
3. Extraneous or third variables have been rule out as causal.
This is one problem in qualitative data collection with very small samples.
What is poor external validity OR limited ability to generalize to population?
The tendency to self-report information that makes the respondent look "better".
What is social desirability bias?
This is when a measurement tool has been shown to consistently measure the variable of interest across time when there is no change in the variable being measured.
What is good measurement reliability?
This is how a control group and experimental group are formed and the principle of why threats to internal validity are reduced
What is random assignment? Extraneous or third variable are equally distributed between the treatment and control groups.
This is the type of qualitative data collection when people who share a common characteristic are asked to respond to interview questions at the same time in one setting
What is a focus group?
The names of the four levels of measurement from least to most rigorous.
What are the following: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio?
This is the differences between the population, random sample AND random assignment
What is - everyone in the group being studied - random selection of participants from the population to be in the study - random assignment of sample to experimental vs control group
Name of variable that is causal, the variable that changes following change in other variable, variable that explains the relationship between the two and the kind of relationship when a third variable is shown to cause both of the first two variables.
What is the independent variable; the dependent variable, an intervening variable and a spurious relationship.
This way to analyze data may have a skewed distribution in a sample of scores as it may not reflect or extreme scores
What is a problem with using mean or average?
This is the name of the interview when you have a preplanned set of open ended questions to ask.
What is a structured interview?
These are the 4 basic steps of the hypothetico-deductive model or the "wheel of science"
What is: 1. Theory 2. Hypothesis 3. Research and Observations 4. Analyze and infer conclusions?
Each element in the population has an equal or known chance of being selected and a specific way to do this.
What is Probability or random sample; simple random sample OR systematic random sample?
Positive correlation, negative correlation and no relationship
What is when two variables systematically change in the same direction? What is when two variables systematically change in opposite directions and What is it when there is no systematic pattern to how the two variables change?
This is an example of a case where median or mode would be a better measure of central tendency than the mean.
What is when standard deviation is larger than the mean?
These are 3 main ethics of research
What is 1. Do no harm 2. Informed consent 3. debrief after experiment, confidentiality, information about what you are asking respondents to agree to.