Cognitive Development
Name 2 characteristics of the formal operations stage (there are 4 total)
a. Higher level of abstraction
b. Planning for future
c. Thinks hypothetically
d. Assumes adult roles and responsibilities
This theorist popularized the behaviorist theory
Pavlov or Skinner
What is the behaviorist theory?
learning is viewed through a change in behavior and the stimuli in the external environment are the locus of learning. Social workers aim to change the external environment in order to bring about the desired change.
What is preencounter
At this point, the client may not be consciously aware of his or her culture, race, or ethnicity and how it may affect his or her life.
What happens at the identity achievement stage?
People at this stage have a clear sense of their cultural, racial, and ethnic identity and are able to successfully navigate it in the contemporary world, which is undoubtedly very interconnected and intercultural. The acceptance of cultural, racial, and ethnic identity may play a significant role in important life decisions and choices, influencing attitudes, and behavior. This usually leads to an increase in self-confidence and positive psychological development.
What characteristics of the sensorimotor stage?
Occurs between 0-2 years old
a. Retains image of objects
b. Develops primitive logic in manipulating objects
c. Begins intentional actions
d. Play is imitative
e. Signals meaning—infant invests meaning in event (i.e., babysitter arriving means mother is leaving)
f. Symbol meaning (language) begins in last part of stage
This theorist popularized the cognitive theory
Piaget
What is social development theory?
learning is obtained between people and their environment and their interactions and observations in social contexts. Social workers establish opportunities for conversation and participation to occur.
A client has an encounter that provokes thought about the role of cultural, racial, and ethnic identification in his or her life. This may be a negative or positive experience related to culture, race, and ethnicity. For minorities, this experience is often a negative one in which they experience discrimination for the first time.
What is cultural identity?
The identity of a group or culture of an individual who is influenced by his or her self-identification with that group or culture. Certain ethnic and racial identities may also bestow privilege.
What is the pre-conventional level?
A child obeys an authority figure out of fear of punishment. Obedience/ punishment.
This theorist popularized the humanistic theory
Maslow
What is the cognitive theory?
learning is viewed through internal mental processes (including insight, information processing, memory, and perception) and the locus of learning is internal cognitive structures. Social workers aim to develop opportunities to foster capacity and skills to improve learning.
What is immersion-emersion?
After an encounter that forces a client to confront cultural, racial, and ethnic identity, a period of exploration follows. A client may search for information and will also learn through interaction with others from the same cultural, racial, or ethnic groups.
What happens at the identity search stage?
characterized by the exploration and questioning of culture, race, and ethnicity in order to learn more about them and to understand the implications of belonging.
What are the three domains of development?
1. Cognitive: mental skills (knowledge)
2. Affective: growth in feelings or emotional areas (attitude or self)
3. Psychomotor: manual or physical skills (skills)
This theorist popularized the situational/social theory
Bandura
What is humanistic theory?
learning is viewed as a person’s activities aimed at reaching his or her full potential, and the locus of learning is in meeting cognitive and other needs. Social workers aim to develop the whole person.
What is internalization and commitment?
a client has developed a secure sense of identity and is comfortable socializing both within and outside the group with which he or she identifies.
What happens at the unexamined cultural, racial, and ethnic identity stage?
characterized by a lack of exploration of culture, race, and ethnicity and cultural, racial, and ethnic differences—they are rather taken for granted without much critical thinking.
What are the six levels of cognition?
1. Knowledge: rote memorization, recognition, or recall of facts
2. Comprehension: understanding what the facts mean
3. Application: correct use of the facts, rules, or ideas
4. Analysis: breaking down information into component parts
5. Synthesis: combination of facts, ideas, or information to make a new whole
6. Evaluation: judging or forming an opinion about the information or situation
This theorist popularized the psychoanalytic theory
Sigmond Freud
What is attachment theory?
Originated with the seminal work of John Bowlby. Bowlby defined attachment as a lasting psychological connectedness between human beings that can be understood within an evolutionary context in which a caregiver provides safety and security for a child. Bowlby suggests that children come into the world biologically preprogrammed to form attachments with others because this will help them to survive.
What are the three stages for adolescent cultural and ethnic identity development?
1. The first stage, unexamined cultural, racial, and ethnic identity
2. The second stage of the model is referred to as the cultural, racial, and ethnic identity search
3. The third stage of the model is cultural, racial, and ethnic identity achievement.
What is the difference between ethnicity and race?
Ethnicity refers to the idea that one is a member of a particular cultural, national, or racial group that may share culture, religion, race, language, or place of origin. Two people can share the same race but have different ethnicities.
the definition of race is not fixed; Today, society classifies people into different races primarily based on skin color.