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Socially constructed differences between females and males
Gender
Occurs when individuals and groups within a society have the same chances of access to education, wealth, power, equal rights under the law, and so on.
Equality
A person or institution that shapes an individual’s social development.
Agent of Socialisation
A social group characterised by (usually) common residence, economic cooperation and reproduction.
Family
Shared expectations of behaviour that are considered to be culturally and socially desirable and appropriate
Norms
The individual human; their relationships with other persons and with society, culture and the environment through time.
Persons
May be tightly structured, semi-structured, unstructured, in-depth or conversational. This method involves the researcher and the interviewee in a one-to-one situation and may be quite time consuming.
Interview
The continuous passage of existence; perceptions of the past, present and future
Time
Settings where people live and work, the interaction between people and their environment, people’s perceptions of the environment, and their actions to improve their environment
Environment
A research method used to collect data from an in-depth planned discussion of a defined topic held by a small group of people brought together by a moderator
Focus group
Where individuals’ everyday actions and social interactions occur – for example, within families and small-scale social groups.
Micro-level
Involves watching and recording behaviours within a clearly defined area.
Observation
The rights to make decisions and to determine, adjudicate or settle issues and disputes in society
Authority
The preconceived view of the characteristics of a group held by individuals who are not members of that group.
Stereotype
Established relationships between individuals and groups on the basis of socially recognised biological relationships or marital links.
Kinship
The ability of individuals and groups to move vertically within a social hierarchy with changes in income, occupation and so on.
Social Mobility
The ‘big picture’ – the wider social structure, social processes and their interrelationships
Macro-level
Knowledge shared by members of these groups and systems and reflected in their customs, values, laws, arts, technologies and artefacts; their way of life
Culture
The tools that we use to assist our interactions in society
Technology
Your country case study
China
A (usually local) social system with an implied sense of relationship and mutual identity among its members.
Community
The sense of self formed over time from a personal, social and cultural level
Identity
A set of questions that can be closed-ended and/or open-ended that allows for the collection of information from a large sample or number of people.
Questionnaire
An organised collection or body of ideas that reflects the beliefs, values and interests of a group, system, institution or nation. In general use, the term refers to the body of doctrine, myth and symbols held by the group that guides individual and group actions.
Ideology
A process of integration and the sharing of goods, capital, services, knowledge, leisure, sport, ideas and culture between countries brought about by improved technologies
Globalisation
The persistence or consistent existence of cultural elements in a society across time.
Continuity
Treating a person or group differently, often in a negative manner, usually as a result of prejudice.
Discrimination
The middle ground where individuals interact within groups such as schools, communities, church groups and neighbourhoods.
Meso-level
The ability or capacity to influence or persuade others to a point of view or action to which they would not normally agree
Power
The process by which individuals learn to become functioning members of society by internalising the roles, norms and values of that society.
Socialisation
Established ways of acting or cultural practices that are unique to groups in society
Customs
In terms of social research, this means informed consent, confidentiality and privacy, consideration of the possible effects on research participants and on the researcher herself or himself, consideration of vulnerable groups, such as children, and the avoidance of any covert research, which would mean that no informed consent from research participants was given.
Ethics/ ethical
A particular philosophy of life or conception of the world that is characterised by an organised and accepted set of ideas that attempts to explain the social, cultural, physical and psychological world.
Worldview
An approach to cultural diversity in society that promotes the view that cultural difference should be respected and even encouraged and supported.
Multiculturalism
A social or cultural group within a broader culture. Members of a subcultural group share beliefs, social and cultural interests, and patterns of behaviour that tend to unify them and distinguish them from the broader culture in which they live. Subcultural groups exist at the micro, meso and macro levels of society.
Subculture
Original information or research data collected first-hand by the person doing the research.
Primary research
How many pages is expected for a 15 mark question?
At least 3
A society that comprises a range of social and cultural influences and components, rather than having a homogenous identity.
Hybrid society
What is your case study for conformity and non-conformity
Romani
How many pages is expected for a 5 mark question?
1 page
Where communities or societies respond to globalisation by adopting and adapting introduced ideas and practices to suit people’s needs in their local context.
Localisation
Human relationships from small groups to large systems
Society
The researcher collects and collates existing information or other people’s research on a topic to be investigated.
Secondary Research
What does Tang Ping mean?
Lying Flat
The process of structural change that creates a slow alteration in the institutions or social roles of a society that are then integrated into that society. Evolutionary change, like all social change, can occur as a result of internal sources, such as ideological and/or cultural shifts or technological innovation, or external sources, such as environmental conditions, acculturation or cultural diffusion.
Evolutionary Change
What does Bai Lan mean?
Let it rot
The transmission of culture – such as traditions, values, language, symbols, cultural traits, beliefs and normative behaviour – across and between generations in society.
Cultural Transmission
The idea that concepts are socially constructed and vary across cultures. Therefore, individuals and groups must always view other cultures objectively and not judge them using the values and norms of their own culture as a measure of right or wrong.
Cultural Relativism