Enculturation
What is enculturation?
The process of learning and adopting the norms and values of one's own culture.
What is individualism vs. collectivism?
Individualistic cultures prioritize independence, while collectivist cultures emphasize group harmony.
What is a culture of honor?
A culture where people are more sensitive to threats to reputation and respond aggressively.
What is a stereotype?
A widely held but oversimplified belief about a group of people.
What is social identity theory?
A theory that explains how people form part of their identity based on their group memberships.
What were the two types of societies compared in Barry et al. (1959)?
High food-accumulating and low food-accumulating societies. (Individualistic and Collectivist cultures get 100 points only)
What was the aim of Bond & Smith (1996)?
To investigate how culture (individualism/collectivism) affects conformity.
What was the aim of Cohen et al. (1996)?
To investigate whether Southerners in the U.S. would respond more aggressively to insults than Northerners.
What is one cognitive process involved in stereotyping?
Schema processing.
Name any 2 concepts (key processes) in SIT?
Any from
- Social categorization
- Social comparison
- Positive Distinctiveness
- Self-esteem Hypothesis
How did child-rearing practices differ between high and low food accumulation societies?
High-food societies emphasized obedience and responsibility, while low-food societies encouraged independence and achievement.
What method did Bond & Smith (1996) use?
Meta-analysis of Asch’s conformity studies across 17 countries.
What experimental manipulation was used in Cohen et al. (1996)?
Participants were bumped into and insulted by a confederate rudely.
How does illusory (illusion or visual) correlation relate to stereotypes?
People see a trait in a group as a whole when no such trait may exist within most members.
What is in-group favoritism, and how does it relate to Social Identity Theory?
In-group favoritism is the tendency to give preferential treatment to members of one's own group.
It supports Social Identity Theory by showing how people boost their self-esteem by favoring their in-group over out-groups.
How does Barry et al. (1959) relate to conformity?
It suggests that cultures emphasizing obedience foster more conformity than those emphasizing independence.
What were the findings of Bond & Smith (1996)?
Collectivist cultures showed higher conformity rates than individualistic cultures.
What physiological change was observed in Southerners?
Increased cortisol and testosterone levels
What is stereotype threat?
When people fear confirming a negative stereotype about their group, which affects their performance.
How does social identity theory explain discrimination?
People favor their in-group to boost self-esteem, leading to discrimination against out-groups.
Give one limitation of Barry et al. (1959)
Outdated study, globalization may have changed cultural values, potential researcher bias in data interpretation.
What is one criticism of Bond & Smith (1996)?
Meta-analysis may include cultural bias, conformity may depend on context rather than just culture.
Give one strength and one limitation of Cohen et al. (1996).
Strength—controlled experiment; Limitation—study only on American males, lacks cross-cultural generalizability.
What is one way stereotypes can form according to social cognitive theory?
Stereotypes can form through observational learning (people adopt stereotypes by watching and imitating others in their society)
What is one limitation of social identity theory?
Does not account for individual differences (some people may not conform to group norms)