Theorists
This philosopher became the founder of sociology because he coined the term sociology.
August Comte
Picked up where Weber left off. Four characteristics our society shares with fast-food restaurants/industry--Efficiency, Calculability, Predictability, & Control. Societies are adapting to this rationalization of culture due to globalization--not just our modern societies, all modern societies--The McDonaldization of society. The irrationality of rationality--the world is alienating us & creating a disenchantment of the entire world, the propensity toward rationality actually dehumanizes people. Identified these imperialistic ambitions of nations, corporations, organizations, & the like, & their desire indeed their need to impose themselves on various geographic areas--Gromobilization.
George Ritzer
What's the Habitus?
Bourdieu gave us The Habitus--a structure of dispositions; a thing we can't see, but it's in our minds & spirit, it gives us a propensity to act in a certain way, think in a certain way, & perceive situations & events in a certain way; to understand in a particular way. It is acquired by each individual because we are a member of particular social groups & social classes.
What is socialism?
The government manages the economy in the interests of the people.
Showed us the divide that exists between women's opinions & experiences characterizes the lives of women intellectuals (think of academics). It's no more than an extreme general division in the lives of all women--bifurcated conscious. Walking in a world created by men for men. Created Alternative Sociology--theoretical in nature & meant to be consistent w/ the experiences of women, called it Standpoint Theory--a theoretical orientation that starts with those being studied (tell me about your experiences because you are the expert).
Identified the Standard North American Family (SNAF)--ideological code that is produced & promoted by the dominant group--tells us what our family lives should be & look like.
Dorothy Smith
These two are known for the Thomas Theorem; What is the Thomas Theorem?
WI & Dorothy Thomas; people respond to situations how they perceive the situation to be whether or not the perception is accurate in scientific terms. The resulting response of people's perceptions holds power. "If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences".
Gave us Orientalism--he examined Western literature about the Orient. Found that the ideas Westerners have about the Orient were all figments, they didn't exist. He identified the ways in which Western societies could see our own culture as distinctive from other cultures & in self-congratulatory terms. Mechanisms: Language & Discourse *Our culture is no better than their culture.
Edward Said
What was the primary form of economy in the West during the Industrial Revolution?
Capitalism
What is communism?
The workers manage the economy in the interests of the people.
This person was the very first emancipatory social theorist and he did the very first study of African Americans called the Philadelphia Negro.
W.E.B Dubois
This person added power & prestige to Marx's Conflict Thesis. The ability of a person to carry out his/her will despite resistance (power).
Max Weber
Comte's philosophy became known as _______
Positivism; it's the belief that the whole world can be best understood through scientific inquiry.
This person gave us the Looking Glass Self--the idea that the identity of a person is created based on our interpretation of what others mirror back to us. We form an identity based on this.
Charles Horton Cooley
What did Durkheim study? What did he provide us with?
He studied suicide & he provided us with our very first sociological study.
The first woman of color in the sociological theorists; when we educate our black women in moral ways, spiritual ways, & academic ways it rises the entire standing of the black population. She was the mother of black feminism & she wrote the first articulations of black feminism.
Anna Julia Cooper
Known for the Sociological Imagination; exposed the Power Elite in the USA. The Power Elite is this interlocking group of corporate leaders, government officials, & military leaders that actually exercised control of the US society. The vast majority of decisions in the USA were made by this small clique who held all the power.
C. Wright Mills
Who told us how to do sociology w/o telling others how they should be living life? What did she provide us with? What were her contributions to sociology (hint: her relationship with Comte)?
Harriet Martineau; provided us with our very first sociological method.
Martineau translated most of August Comte's works (she brought it to the masses). She was a powerful classical theorist in her own right.
Which class is largely to partake in conspicuous consumption?
The working class
How did Durkheim study religion?
He studied religion as a solidarity-forming institution.
She was the very first social action researcher; the predecessor to being an applied sociologist. She was the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for social action research; Founded the Hull House (fighting for child labor laws, and helping immigrants become U.S. citizens., etc. )
Jane Addams
Named the technique that people employ in a social setting to manage their impressions & save face--The Presentation of Self & Everyday Life. He developed ways of analysis that place individual people as actors on a stage in a performance who are vulnerable to disruption. Dramaturgy--the way we manage those impressions that are vulnerable to disruptions of the way we present ourselves, saving face, & managing impressions.
Erving Goffman
Showed us empirically that despite having agency, one's knowledge of & the ability to employ valued subtleties of language, music, & culture are directly related to upward social mobility--cultural capital. Two things one can possess & trade for desired outcome--cultural & social capital. We call it capital because we use it just like money.
Pierre Bourdieu
What did Marx write in the Communism Manifesto?
He wrote that neither communism or socialism would work if dictated.
Define Profane & Sacred
Profane: Simply means the mundane, the everyday.
Sacred: The supernatural, the posture of worship is a posture towards society.
An emancipatory theorist, who was one of the first to talk about women. Humans were the only species in the entire animal kingdom where women depend completely on the man for survival. Argued we had to modify the HOME if we were going to have a successful society.
Charlotte Perkins Gilman