Vocabulary
Behavior, beliefs, or conditions that violate social norms or rules
Deviance
Deviance that benefits society
Positive Deviance
Behavior that violates formal laws.
Crime
Theory that people learn deviant behavior from others.
Differential Association Theory
Accepts the cultural goals of society but does not accept the approved means for reaching these goals
Innovation
Ways in which society encourages conformity to norms and discourages deviance
Social Control
Deviance that harms others or breaks rules.
Negative Deviance
System including police, courts, and corrections.
Criminal Justice System
Theory focusing on how labels influence behavior
Labeling Theory
Believe it is impossible to achieve goals by acceptable means, so they abandon the goals rather than violate the norms.
Ritualism
Rewards or punishments used to enforce norms.
Social Sanctions
Minor rule-breaking that does not alter a person’s identity.
Primary Deviance
Laws are official rules made and enforced by the government to control people’s behavior.
Laws
Theory stating that weak social bonds lead to deviance
Control Theory
Reject both cultural goals and the socially acceptable means of attaining them, and drop out of society.
Retreatism
A negative label that discredits a person
Stigma
Deviance that results from accepting a deviant label.
Secondary Deviance
Punishment focused on making offenders pay for harm
Retribution
Theory that links deviance to blocked opportunities
Strain Theory
Substitute new goals and may use violence or nonviolent tactics to achieve those goals (revolutionary movements).
Rebellion
A condition where social norms are weak or unclear
Anomie
Crime committed by professionals for financial gain.
White Collar Crime
Confinement in jail or prison
Incarceration
Theory most associated with self-fulfilling prophecy
Labeling Theory
Pursuing cultural goals through socially approved means.
Conformity