Theories
Views deviance as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structure of society
What is Strain Theory?
The punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity.
What is a Negative Sanction?
Any action that is labeled as such by those in authority and is prohibited by law.
What is Crime?
Enforcing norms through either internal or external means.
What is Social Control?
Repeated criminal behavior.
What is Recidvism?
A theory of deviant behavior in which deviance is seen as a natural occurrence and conformity is seen as the result of social ties among individuals.
What is Control Theory?
A spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or a group
What is an Informal Sanction?
What is a Crime Syndicate?
Behavior that violates significant social norms.
What is Deviance?
Sanctions such as imprisonment, parole, probation, and community service used to punish criminals.
What is Corrections?
Focuses on how individuals come to be identified as deviant.
What is Labeling Theory?
Rewards or Punishments used to enforce conformity to norms.
What is Sanction?
The power held by police officers to decide who is actually arrested.
What is Police Discretion?
Mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from the rest of society.
What is Stigma?
The process of legal negotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentence.
What is Plea Bargaining?
A theory of deviant behavior that views deviance as a learned behavior transmitted through interaction with others.
What is Cultural Transmission Theory?
All action that rewards a particular kind of behavior.
What is a Positive Sanction?
A crime that is committed by people of high social status in the course of their professional lives.
What is White Collar Crime?
A situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable.
What is Anomie?
The occasional violation of normal; the individuals who commit it do not see themselves as deviant and neither does society.
What is Primary Defiance?
A concept that refers to the frequency and closeness of associations a person has with deviant and nondeviant individuals.
What is Differential Association?
A formal reward or punishment given by a formal organization or regulatory agency.
What is a Formal Sanction?
A practice assuming that non-white Americans are more likely to commit crimes than white Americans.
Is the process by which norms become a part of an individual's personality: thus conditioning that individual to conform to society's expectations.
What is Internalization?
A lifestyle of defiance; resulting in the individual who commit it being labeled as deviant and accepting that label as true.
What is Secondary Defiance?