Peer Aggression
Harmful behavior that is repeated over time and targets a less powerful victim.
What is bullying?
For Felmlee and Faris, they consider harm and intent to be the most important aspects of bullying, and argue that even unrepeated aggression can cause substantial trauma to adolescents (Felmlee and Faris 2016:3).
The process by which styles and behaviors are rendered deviant and are treated with shame, exclusion, punishment, and incarceration.
What is criminalization?
According to Rios, youth were not just criminalized by law enforcement, but also teachers, neighbors, the media, and their families. For many black and Latino young boys, their everyday behaviors are criminalized or treated as, “deviant, threatening, risky, and criminal” (Rios 2011:xiv). Once youth are criminalized, they have very few resources for feeling dignity and empowerment, and may turn to crime and violence to meet these needs (Rios 2011:xv).
Social ties between you and people you know.
What is social networks?
For example, Facebook is a social networking site.
The system of community colleges, four-year college, for-profit and private colleges that award post-high school degrees.
What is higher education?
Prejudice against people of a particular age group.
What is ageism?
An “electronic or online behavior intended to harm another person psychologically or damage his or her reputation.”
What is cyber aggression?
Cyber aggression could occur over email, instant message, text, social media, video games, and other venues (Felmlee and Faris 2016:2). Some associated terms include electronic, online, or digital aggression.
When a adolescent’s everyday behaviors and styles are treated as deviant, risky, threatening, or criminal.
What is hypercriminalization?
When youth are hyper-criminalized, it impacts their worldviews, sense of control of their own lives, and life outcomes (Rios 2011:xiv). This often occurred before youth formally entered the criminal justice system.
The establishment of common standards for behavior within a group (Felmlee and Faris 2016:3).
What is social norms?
The enforcement of social norms likely drives certain types of school cyber aggression, especially when young people’s behavior defies the traditional expectations of U.S. adolescent culture (Felmlee and Faris 2016:3).
The big 5 social markers of becoming an adult.
What is moving out of your parent's home, marrying, having children, finding full-time work, and finishing school.
The power that adults have over children. Prejudice and systematic discrimination against young people.
What is adultism?
For example, discrimination based on the stereotype that youth are inherently lacking in maturity or skills.
When a student is the target of harassment or an attack via the Internet or text message.
What is cyber victimization?
In the study by Felmlee and Faris, this was the outcome they were measuring. For example, they found that LGBTQ youth were more likely to be victimized online and that females were more frequent victims than males.
Where youth come to feel, “stigmatized, outcast, shamed, defeated, or hopeless” because of their interactions with powerful people who represent institutions (such as law enforcement).
What is punishment?
When more “likes” on a photo or video posted to social media leads to higher status among peers.
What is "Likes as Social Currency"?
Likes are a form of self worth, which youth use to form their identity and popularity status.
The need for young adults to have connectedness with others, rather than complete independence. Not relying on others for your own welfare, but maintaining positive and mutually supportive relationships (Settersen 2015:123)
What is interdependence?
A student-led demonstration in support of tighter gun control that took place on March 24, 2018, in Washington, D.C.
What is the March for our Lives movement? (or "#neveragain")
A negative tie that arises within an interconnected web of two significant, close social network relationships.
What is relational aggression?
Felmlee and Faris find that, harmful electronic acts are more likely to occur between individuals directly linked, such as friends or romantic partners. This is due to competition among peers for the attainment of status and recognition (Felmlee and Faris 2016:2).
“A system in which schools, police, probation officers, families, community centers, the media, businesses, and other institutions systematically treat young people’s everyday behaviors as criminal activity."
What is youth control complex?
While criminalization is the act of treating behaviors as deviant (a verb) the youth control complex is a system of institutions (a noun).
What are "sins of omission"? (See Being 13)
The time period from the 1970s onward, characterized by globalization, acceleration of production and consumption, and an information-based economy.
What is late modernity?
A wave of demonstrations, protests, riots, coups, foreign interventions, and civil wars led by young people in North Africa and the Middle East in 2010.
What is the Arab Spring?
Using bullying behavior to climb the social ladder.
What is social combat?
This theory, developed by sociologist Bob Faris, argues that social combat occurs in two patterns. One is towards a student who has violated the social rules of the school. The second, which is more common, is social combat used to climb the social hierarchy. This type of behavior is common in the upper portions of the status hierarchy. (see the Anderson Cooper clip on bullying.)
An international activist movement, originating in the African-American community, that campaigns against violence and systemic racism towards black people.
What is Black Lives Matter (or the movement for black lives)?