Sociology General
This concept, developed by Irving Goffman, discusses how individuals routinely attempt to convey a positive image of themselves to the people with whom they interact.
What is impression management?
Examples of this concept include the following: college graduate, employee at McDonald's, parent, military veteran and artist.
What are achieved statuses?
This is the process by which people learn gender role expectations, as deemed appropriate by their society.
What is gender socialization?
This is the type of social group which is characterized by extensive interaction and strong emotional ties, and which endures over time, such as a family.
What is a primary group?
This refers to the ways in which a society tries to prevent and sanction behavior that violates norms, such as socialization, sanctions and conformity.
What is social control?
This term is defined as behaviors that violate social norms, and which typically arouse negative social reactions.
What is deviance?
It is in this theory that gender inequality, sexism and antiquated views about relationships between the sexes underlie sexual assault, rape, intimate partner violence, and other crimes against women.
What is feminist theory?
This concepts reflects all of the positions an individual may hold at one time, such as James who is a father, football coach, engineer, son, activist, cyclist and member of the middle class.
What is a status set?
A ritual or event that marks an individual’s transition from one status to another, such as Jewish bar mitzvah and bat mitzvah ceremonies.
What is a rite of passage?
This can occur when people go along with the desires of a group against their better judgments, often because they do not want to appear different from the group.
What is groupthink?
This concept relates to the following exampes: receiving a ticket when caught speeding, being grounded by your parents after lying to them, being glared at a by classmate for burping in class, and being reprimanded by your boss when you're late to work for the third time.
What are negative sanctions?
These are crimes committed as part of one’s occupation, such as employee theft, tax evasion, insider trading, doctors committing healthcare fraud, etc.
What is white-collar crime?
In his experiment, this researcher concluded that we are highly likely to conform to our peers so as to not alienate other members of the group and because we may come to doubt our own perceptions when other group members perceive things differently.
Who was Solomon Asch?
When a parent needs to care for their sick child at the same time they must also complete a project for work, they are experiencing this phenomenon.
What is role conflict?
The people, groups and institutions that teach us cultural beliefs, values and norms.
What are agents of socialization?
These are social groups that we model ourselves after, using them as a standard to guide our behaviors and attitudes, such as the "cool" clique at school.
What is a reference group?
This theoretical perspective supports the differential justice theory, which states people with power use the legal system to secure their position at the top of society and to keep the powerless at the bottom.
What is the conflict perspective?
These rituals or encounters occur when someone becomes a member of a total institution, where they are humiliated, often in front of the institution’s other residents or officials.
What is a degradation ceremony?
This theory, by Charles Horton Cooley, describes how we develop a sense of self through our social interaction with others and imagining how we appear to others in this interaction.
What is the theory of the looking glass self?
Theses are the behaviors, obligations and expectations of someone holding a certain status.
What are roles?
A process in which people learn new values and norms in conjunction with a significant change in status, such as upon joining the Army.
What is resocialization?
This is a pattern of behavior associated with large group settings where people are less likely to act if they think others will do so.
What is diffusion of responsibility?
This term is used to describe the extremely high rate of incarceration in the U.S. that is markedly above historical and comparative rates of imprisonment.
What is mass incarceration?
This is the process by which an individual is taught and learns the culture of their society.
What is socialization?
The form of crime in which acts of violence or property offenses are committed.
What is conventional crime?
A position or title held by an individual that they gain at birth, such as daughter, Mexican, or member of the Shudra caste.
What is an ascribed status?
This is the part of the schooling process that gets children to accept, without questioning, the cultural values of the society in which the schools are found.
What is the hidden curriculum?
This type of group leader is focused on the goals of the group and works to keep the group on task.
What is an instrumental leader?
This is the idea that whether a behavior is considered deviant depends on the circumstance (group, society or era) in which the behavior occurs and not on the behavior itself.
According to this theory, criminal behavior is learned by interacting with close friends and family members who teach us how to commit crimes and also about values, motives and rationalizations we need to adopt in order to justify breaking the law.
What is differential association theory?