Alcohol
Which solution does NOT contain alcohol?
Syrup
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water molecules across a semi permeable membrane from a solution with no or low concentration of solute to the solution with high concentration of solute
What are some examples of fixed oils?
- Corn oil
- Cottonseed oil
- Peanut oil
- Sesame oil
- Soybean oil
- Castor oil (less common)
- Olive oil (less common)
Which injection is also known as Normal Saline?
Sodium chloride injection
Generic for Symbicort
budesonide/formoterol
True or false: Isopropanol is toxic and should be only use internally
False, it should only be used externally.
Reverse osmosis removes virtually all _____? (Hint there are 5 things)
1. Viruses
2. Bacteria
3. Pyrogens
4. Organic molecules
5. 90-99% of all ions
What alcohol is considered slightly bitter, more bacteriocidal, has less drying effect on the skin and is more toxic if ingested?
Isopropyl alcohol 70% & 91%
What is the difference between Ringers injection and Lactated Ringers?
Has different quanitites of the three salts in Ringers and it contains sodium lactate which acts as a buffer to correct metabolic acidosis
(closer to physiologic pH)
Flovent generic
fluticasone propionate
True or false: Alcohol is frequently used with other solvents, such as glycols and glycerin, to reduce the amount of alcohol required?
True
What are the most important features of the ion exchange method?
- reversible
- minimal maintenance
- ease of operation
- for larger scale operations
- cation/anion happen successively or simultaneously
Why do we use a mixture of cosolvents in the pharmaceutical field?
- Increase solubility
- Enhance bioavailability and stability
-Minimize toxicity
- Minimize solvents in crystallizations
True or false: Water for injection must be sterile and pyrogen free?
False. It is NOT sterile but MUST be pyrogen free.
Brand for salmeterol
Serevent Diskus
What are the different types of polyhydric alcohols use for oral solutions?
1. Glycerin
2. Propylene glycol
1.Liquid mixture is heated in a flask, the component with the lowest boiling point vaporizes first, turning from liquid to gas
2.The first portion of aqueous distillate (10-20%) must be discarded
3. Contain many foreign volatile substances
4. Rising of condensation
5. Collection leads to the last portion of water (10%) remaining in the distillation apparatus must be discarded and not subjected to further distillation
-Diluted alcohol
-Rubbing alcohol
-Glycerin
-Isopropyl alcohol
-Propylene glycol
-Purified water
-Fixed oils
What are these all different types of? And what can they all be used for?
They are all different types of solvents that can be used for oral solutions
What injection is used as a catheter for IV line flush to maintain patency and is a sterile vehicle for reconstitution, dilution...etc?
Sodium chloride injection
Brand for mometasone/formoterol?
Dulera
What are the FDA mandated limits of alcohol that can be used in different OTC formulations per age group.
10% for adults/children 12+
5% for children 6-12
0.5% for children under 6
Cross flow filter membranes can remove particles defined in the range of
- Microfiltration
-Ultrafiltration
-Nanofiltration
-Reverse Osmosis
What are those ranges?
- Microfiltration - 0.1-2 microns
-Ultrafiltration - 0.01 - 0.1 microns
-Nanofiltration - 0.001 to 0.01 microns
-Reverse Osmosis - particles smaller than 0.001 microns
Define pyrogens
lipopolysaccharides shed from gram negative bacteria which causes fever and hypotension in patients when they are in excessive amounts in IV injections
What is the ingredient in certain injections that must be avoided in neonates that causes poisoning (gasping syndrome)?
Benzyl alcohol - often labeled as bacteriostatic
What are the three components that make up Trelegy Ellipta?
1. fluticasone
2. umeclidinium
3. vilanterol