Solutions
What is solubility, and what factors can affect it?
Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature. It depends on the nature of the solute, the nature of the solvent, and the temperature.
8.What does a solubility curve represent in the context of solutions?
A solubility curve is a graphical representation showing the amount of solute a solvent can hold at different temperatures.
What is the range of the Ph scale?
0-14
What does the pH scale measure?
The pH scale measures the hydrogen ion concentration.
What Ph does a neutral substance have?
7
1.What is a solution, and what are its two main components?
A solution is a homogeneous mixture with the same composition, color, density, and taste throughout. Its two main components are the solute (the substance that is dissolved) and the solvent (the substance that does the dissolving).
According to your graph, which subsance is LEAST soluble at 10 degrees?
KClO₃
What are some properties of acids?
Acids contain at least one hydrogen atom that can be removed, release H+ ions in water forming H3O+ (hydronium ion), taste sour, can neutralize bases, and are corrosive to metals, reacting with metals to form hydrogen gas.
A(n) ______is a substance with a pH less than 7
acid
A solution with a pH of 13 would be best described as ____________.
a strong base
Give examples of solutions that involve solids dissolved in solids.
Alloy, such as bronze (copper and zinc), brass (copper and tin), and sterling silver (copper and silver).
Why is water an excellent solvent, and what is the key property that makes it effective?
Water is an excellent solvent because it is polar. Its key property is polarity, with oppositely charged ends that allow it to dissolve polar solutes effectively.
What are some properties of bases?
Bases produce OH- ions in a solution (usually having OH in the formula), exist as a crystalline solid when not dissolved, taste bitter, can neutralize acids, and feel slippery.
Define dissociation in the context of solutions.
Dissociation is the process in which ionic compounds (salts, crystals) separate into ions, usually in a reversible manner.
What is neutralization, and can you provide an example of a neutralization reaction?
Neutralization is the process where equal amounts of acid react with a base to form a salt (ionic compound) and water. Example: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O.
Explain what an unsaturated solution is and how it can change with temperature.
can dissolve more solute at the given temperature and is not at its maximum capacity. When heated, it becomes unsaturated, allowing more solute to be added.
How much KCl will dissolve at 40 degrees?
about 40 grams
What are acids, and how do they behave in water?
Acids are compounds that break up in water to give off H+ ions. They are compounds that release H+ ions and can accept electron pairs.
What are the three factors that can affect the rate of dissolving in a solution?
Smaller solute size (increasing surface area), heating the solvent (increasing kinetic energy), and stirring the solution (enhancing particle contact).
A solution with more Hydroxide ions than Hydronium ions is ________.
basic
Describe the characteristics of a saturated solution.
A saturated solution contains all of the solute it can hold at a given temperature, and it is at its maximum capacity
Which solute does not increase in solubility as temperature rises?
Ce₂ (SO₄)₃
How do bases behave in water, and can you provide an example of a common base and its name?
Bases are compounds that form OH- ions when placed in water. They can also accept H+ ions and donate an electron pair to another compound. Example: NH4OH (Ammonia).
What properties do acids and bases have in common?
Both acids and bases form electrolytes in solution (compounds that break apart in water, producing charged particles that can conduct electricity), and they are corrosive to skin and body tissues.
To neutralize the strongly acidic gastric juices in your stomach, antacids contain____________.
bases