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Blatant or subtle discrimination/harrassment/abuse directed towards the LGBTQIA+ population based on the assumption that heterosexuality is the norm
Heteorsexism
The belief that one’s ethnic group or culture is superior.
Ethnocentricity –
Discrimination based on physical or mental ability, where those without disabilites are facored or given special treatment.
Ableism -
is an ability variable where the client perceives that the counselor has the necessary knowledge, skills, experience, training, and tools (problem-solving set) to help them.
Expertness:
a client’s perceived similarity between themself and their counselor; clients must view their counselor as “attractive (similar)” to some extent in order for effective counseling
Attractiveness:
Negative attitude or disapproval of the LGBTQIA+ population
Homonegativity
An approach aimed at producing conditions that allow for equal access and opportunity; reducing or eliminating disparities in all areas that could lower the quality of life for affected populations;
Social justice counseling –
Subtle and unintentional racism, which mostly manifests in those who otherwise assert egalitarian values. This stems from unconsciously held anti-minority feelings
Aversive Racism -
a set of policies, priorities, and accepted normative patterns designed to subjugate and oppress individuals and groups, and force their dependence on a larger society.
Institutional racism:
“The constellation of characteristics that makes certain individuals appear worthy of belief, capable, entitled to confidence, reliable, and trustworthy”
Credibility:
Fear or disgust directed towards Muslim individuals
islamophobia
used by African Americans to appear docile, nonassertive, and happy-go-lucky in order to survive systemic oppression
Uncle tom syndrome –
Intentional discrimination based on gender, that has the goal of not being seen as sexist
Covert Sexism -
how people perceive their relationships with the world (nature, institutions, other people), and are highly correlated with a person’s cultural upbringing and life experiences.
Worldview:
past and present discrimination (either direct or indirect) against certain culturally marginalized groups
Cultural oppression:
Seeing people of a minority as culturally disadvantaged, deficient, or deprived because they lack the advantages of a majority group.
Culturally deficient model –
erroneously emphasizing a victim’s responsibility or control over an oppressive situation/event
victim blaming
Intentional discrimination based upon gender, which does not attempt to hide itself as such
Overt Sexism -
Genetically Deficient Model-
the degree of responsibility or blame placed on an individual (Internal Locus of Responsibility [IR]) or on a system or social forces (External Locus of Responsibility)
Locus of Responsibility:
People of a minority group are not deficient, but instead culturally diverse; recognizing the legitimacy of alternative lifestyles, the advantages of being bicultural, and the value of differences.
Culturally diverse model –
a stress response experienced by white individuals in the face of interruptions to what is racially familiar (e.g., confrontation about inequality and injustice)
white fragility
Is the individual, institutional, and cultural expression of the belief in the superiority of one group’s cultural heritage over that of another, combined with the possession of the power to impose one’s standards broadly on less powerful groups.
Ethnocentric monoculturalism:
Levels of Intervention-
Scientific Racism-