dates
What years did apartheid end and all party elections start?
1990-1994
Who was Nelson Mandela?
ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected as president of South Africa in 1994; changed from non-violent actions to violent actions due to the little impact of non-violent protests
What is apartheid?
a social policy/system that legalized Afrikaans control over the black Africans; apartness
What was the Black Consciousness Movement?
A social and political movement inspired by the Black power movement in the US that pressed for increased rights and an end to separate development; the movement succeeded in winning young followers until it was banned in 1977
What was the The Land Act of 1913?
Forced Black Africans to move out of their residents to make way for white men
What year did Mandela get released from prison?
1990
Who was Mark Mathabane?
Author of Kaffir Boy and spread awareness of the South African apartheid.
What was the Civilized Labour Policy?
whites would be paid much higher than blacks and unskilled whites were given priority over unskilled blacks
What was the Sharpeville Massacre?
PAC led campaign of blacks to surrender themselves for arrest and led to small clashes and then the police firing, killing and wounding many; was a major turning point in the anti-apartheid movement, and showed that non-violence was no longer an option
What is Bantu Education?
a special "African Education" designed to train them to be miners, custodians, laborers, and hewers of wood. It effectively bans Africans from attending academic schools or going to college.
What year was apartheid established?
1948
Who was Desmond Tutu?
This archbishop was the leading spokesman of passive resistance to apartheid in the 1980's. He fought to replace apartheid with a racially equal South African society.
What were the pass book laws?
an internal passport system for Black people over the age of 16, which sought to limit the anti-apartheid movement under the threat of arrest and possible brutality by police; if caught not carrying a passbook he/she is jailed or arrested
What was the Soweto Uprising?
(1976) a major student protest against apartheid that took place in the township of Soweto; living conditions in Soweto were terrible, pay/wages were horrible, political oppression, a rise in radicalism, harsh teachers, and terrible education and schooling (overcrowded schools and no secondary schools) caused their to be much anger in Soweto; this all resulted in a change in political landscape in South Africa
Which sport did Mandela use to help unify the country after the 1994 election?
Rugby
When was Kaffir Boy published?
1986
Who was F.W de Klerk?
Elected as the last white South African president in 1989. He legalized the ANC and also released Nelson Mandela from prison. This started a new era in South Africa and ended apartheid
What was it like during the government's nationwide "state of emergency" declaration in 1986?
It gave the police the power to use mass arrests, torture, and rigged trials in order to oppress blacks; increase in violence and detainment
What was the Cradock Four?
A series of disappearances of major anti-Apartheid activists, presumably carried out by the South African government; matthew Goniwe, Fort Calata, Sparrow Mkhonto, and Sicelo Mhlauli
Who was Winnie Mandela and what did she do?
wife of Nelson Mandela and president of the womens league. She organized protests and kept her husbands name alive while he was in prison. She kept the anti-apartheid movement going; tortured/killed/kidnapped many who were against her own movement of resistance
When was the ANC founded?
1912, changed name in 1923
Which 3 Black South Africans received the Nobel Peace Prize.
Albert Luthuli, Desmond Tutu, and Nelson Mandela
What was the Truth & Reconciliation Commission?
a court-like body assembled in South Africa after the abolition of apartheid, where witnesses who were identified as victims of gross human rights violations were invited to give statements about their experiences
This act banned all political parties except for one party.
In the Suppression of Communism Act in 1950, it declared all opposition of the Nationalist Party to be communist
What were the "outside pressures" that were put on the white government to force an end to apartheid?
The UN and the Olympic Committee sanctioned South Africa, they were prohibited from participating in the Olympics, international banks recalled loans from South Africa, and companies from Europe and the Americas stopped doing business with South Africa