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Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Neurophysiology
Musculoskeletal
100

True or False: The left ventricle decreases in size in microgravity

False

100

How does residual volume in microgravity compare to in 1G?

It is decreased

100

How long do astronauts experience space motion sickness?

3-5 days

100
How much exercise do astronauts do daily to counteract the musculoskeletal effects of microgravity?

2 Hours

200

What is hemolysis?

Destruction of red blood cells

200

How long does it take measurements of vital capacity, forced vital capacity, and maximal expiratory flow-volume to return to pre-flight values once in a microgravity environment?

4 days

200

What sign/symptom of motion sickness does not occur in space?

Pallor

200

What is the rate of bone mineral density loss in microgravity?

1-2% per month

300

What happens with an individuals plasma volume while in a microgravity environment?

A decrease in plasma volume

300
Pulmonary blood volume increases in microgravity. By how much does it increase?

~28%

300

What is the Greek word for ear stones?

Otolith

300

What muscle loses the largest amount of volume after 17 days in space, according to LeBlanc et al., 2000?

Gastrocnemius

400

What are the two main reasons for why hemoglobin levels decrease?

A halt in the RBC pathway and hemolysis.

400

List 2 sources of gravity-independent heterogeneity that maintain similar levels of pre-flight gas exchange efficiency in a microgravity environment.

Possible answers:

1) airway branching asymmetry

2) regional compliance differences

3) vascular asymmetry

4) hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

400

What areas of the nervous system are enlarged during space flight?

Grey matter and ventricles (bonus points for optic nerve or disc swelling)

400
What does the downregulation of the PI3K-Akt pathway cause next?

Increase in FOXO transcription factor

OR

Decrease in mTORC1 protein complex