Who Am I?
"I was a general who seized power in 1923 with the king's blessing, then banned political parties."
Who is Miguel Primo de Rivera?
In 1925, this long colonial conflict finally ended.
What is the Moroccan War?
"When Primo de Rivera resigned in 1930, the king's new government abolished the Constitution of 1876 for good."
It restored the 1876 Constitution and called municipal elections for 1931.
Maura and Canalejas led governments under this system of alternating Liberal and Conservative rule.
What is turnismo?
Working-class men were sent to fight in Morocco in 1909. What uprising in Barcelona was the result?
What is the Tragic Week?
"I led the provisional government that declared the Republic, and soon afterwards I became its president."
Who is Niceto Alcalá Zamora?
In 1931 Spanish women gained a right they had never had. Name it, and name one other freedom the new Constitution brought.
The right to vote (universal suffrage); also civil marriage or free primary education.
"Under Primo de Rivera, parties and trade unions flourished while the government cut public spending."
Parties and unions were banned, and the government launched many public works and promoted industry.
In 1930, Republican, Socialist and Catalanist politicians signed a famous agreement. What was their shared goal?
To overthrow the monarchy (the Pact of San Sebastián).
Economic crisis and the example of the Russian Revolution fuelled workers' protests after 1918. How did employers and the government respond?
With repression.
"I led the reforming government, but by September 1933 I had resigned and my reforms were about to be undone."
Who is Manuel Azaña?
This 1921 military disaster in Morocco worsened the crisis two years before the dictatorship began.
What is the Defeat at Annual?
"The Constitution of 1931 was approved with the support of all political forces and ruled out autonomy for the regions."
It lacked the consensus of all forces and allowed for regional (and municipal) autonomy.
In 1917 the government faced pressure from several fronts. Name two.
Military unrest (the Defence Juntas), the Assembly of Parliamentarians demanding Catalan autonomy, or a trade-union general strike.
After 1927 intellectuals, students and workers criticised the dictatorship. Which growing political trend finally made the king drop Primo de Rivera in 1929?
The growing popularity of the republic.
"My party governed with the CEDA's support, but corruption in our ranks helped bring the coalition down."
Who is Alejandro Lerroux?
Two days separated elections on 12 April 1931 from the proclamation of the Republic on 14 April. What happened to the king in between, and why?
He went into exile, because Republican candidates had won in the major cities and provincial capitals, which was read as a victory for the Republic.
"The Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia was approved in 1932 by the conservative government."
It was approved during the reformist period, under Azaña's government.
Match each group with the reform that helped it most: (1) landless peasants, (2) factory workers, (3) parents.
Peasants → agrarian reform; workers → minimum wages, accident insurance, dismissal regulation; parents → free, secular education.
CEDA ministers entered the government in 1934, and Catalan leaders saw a threat to their autonomy. What did they do, and how did it end?
They proclaimed the Catalan State within a Spanish Federal Republic; the insurrection failed and the Generalitat was dissolved.
"Like Primo de Rivera, I led a military coup, but I tried to overthrow the Republic in 1932, and I failed."
Who is General Sanjurjo?
Put these in chronological order: Pact of San Sebastián, Crisis of 1917, Primo de Rivera's coup, Casas Viejas, October Revolution.
Crisis of 1917 → coup (1923) → Pact of San Sebastián (1930) → Casas Viejas (1933) → October Revolution (1934).
"General Sanjurjo's coup of 1932 toppled the government, and a year later the army supported the peasant uprising in Casas Viejas."
The coup failed, and the Casas Viejas uprising was repressed. (Two errors.)
The conservative governments of 1933-1936 undid parts of the earlier reforms. Give two examples, and explain how this coalition finally fell.
Religious legislation was revised and labour laws were amended. Ideological differences and corruption in Lerroux's Radical Party ended the coalition, leading to elections in February 1936.
Give three causes of the October Revolution of 1934 in Asturias, and name the forces that crushed it.
The CEDA's entry into government (fear of an authoritarian turn), the PSOE's radicalisation, and the 1929 socioeconomic crisis; the army and state security forces crushed it.