People
What did the people call Ferdinand VII during the War of Independence against Napoleon?
Ferdinand VII was called "the desired one" by his people.
What is regenerationism?
Regenerationism advocated ending Spain's backwardness after 1898, promoting education, Europeanization and industrialization.
Why did Isabel II assume power so young? How old was she when she was declared queen?
At just 13 years old, Isabel II assumed power as queen because of the power vacuum after Espartero left.
What is the name of King Ferdinand's brother, and when did he take power?
King Ferdinand's brother, Carlos María Isidro, took power after Ferdinand's death.
Who won the Carlist War?
The Liberals won the Carlist War in 1839.
Describe the reign of Amadeo I.
During the brief reign of Amadeo (1871 - 1873), the Constitution and liberties were respected, although the king was never able to pacify Spanish society.
What was the Liberal Triennium?
The Liberal Triennium was a period of three years in which the Liberals ruled as a constitutional monarchy according to the Constitution of 1812.
What was the goal of the uprising against Isabel II in 1868?
The goal of the progressive uprising of 1868 was to overcome the political, social and economic crisis of the country.
What led Amadeo I to abdicate in 1873?
Agitation, popular pressures, and a new Carlist uprising led to Amadeo I's abdication in 1873.
What forced General Espartero to resign?
General Espartero resigned due to a moderate uprising against his authoritarianism.
What caused Maria Cristina to abdicate, and who assumed the throne when she abdicated?
Maria Cristina abdicated because of progressive pressures, and then General Espartero assumed power.
What was the Ominous Decade?
The Ominous Decade is the 10 years of absolute government and great repression of the Liberals, from Ferdinand's seizure of power in 1823 to his death in 1833.
Name 2/3 major themes of the Constitution of 1845.
Major themes of the Constitution of 1845 include: greater power of the crown, suppression of the national sovereignty, and limitation of liberties.
What were the last three Spanish colonies, and what caused Spain to lose them?
The last three Spanish colonies were Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. Spain lost them to the United States in the War of Cuban Independence.
What was the result of the coup d'état of General Martínez Campos in 1874?
The coup d'état of General Martínez Campos restored Spain as a monarchy and gave power to Alfonso XII.
How old was Alfonso XIII when he became king? What were the problems during his reign?
The problems of the reign of Alfonso XIII were social conflict: religious problem (anticlericalism), and labor and union movements (strikes, revolts, etc). Alfonso XIII became king at sixteen.
Who decided to overthrow Isabel II in 1868? What was this called?
The progressives agreed to overthrow Isabel II in the Ostende Pact.
What were the two groups that the Liberals divided into? What caused this divide?
The Liberals divided into moderates and progressives because Maria Cristina leaned more on the moderate Liberals after the first Carlist War.
When Ferdinand VII asked the Holy Alliance for help in 1823, who did they send to expel the Liberals?
The Holy Alliance sent the Hundred Thousand Sons of St. Louis to expel the Liberals.
What was established because of the Constitution of 1876? What was one freedom that it extended?
The Constitution of 1876 established a constitutional and parliamentary monarchy, and caused the birth of political parties (PSOE, 1879) and the rise of the workers movement regionalist sentiment boom (Basque Country and Catalonia).
Describe Primo de Rivera's rise to power, and his reign.
Primo de Rivera came into power in a coup d'etat in 1923. He was an authoritarian dictator, but gave Spain important economic progress.
What was Republicanism, and who brought this concept to Spain?
Republicanism was a progressive liberal movement that opposed monarchy as a form of government. The Cortes made Spain a Republic in 1873.
What were the two political parties established when the Constitution of 1876 was approved, and who were they led by?
The two parties established by the bipartisan Constitution of 1876: Conservative (led by Cánovas del Castillo) and Progressive (led by Mateo Sagasta).
After defeating Napoleon's troops, what did the Liberals expect Ferdinand VII to do about the Constitution of 1812? What did he do instead?
The Liberals expected Ferdinand VII to accept to Constitution of 1812. Instead, he abolished it, and repressed the Liberals.
Put these rulers in order from earliest to latest:
Amadeo de Saboy
Carlos Maria Isidro
Fernando VII
Alfonso XII
Espartero
Isabel II
Maria Cristina
1. Fernando VII
2. Carlos Maria Isidro
3. Maria Cristina
4. Espartero
5. Isabel II
6. Amadeo de Saboy
7. Alfonso XII