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Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
100
Which of the following is NOT an example of an abiotic component of an ecosystem? 1. Water 2. Minerals 3. Sunlight 4. Fungi 5. Air
Fungi
100
The waste product in photosynthesis is 1. carbon dioxide. 2. oxygen. 3. glucose. 4. water. 5. energy.
Oxygen
100
At which trophic level are eagles that consume fish that eat algae? 1. Producers 2. Decomposers 3. Primary consumers 4. Secondary consumers 5. Tertiary consumers
Secondary consumers
100
Which is NOT an example of a density-independent factor? 1. Drought 2. Competition 3. Forest fire 4. Hurricane 5. Flood
Competition
100
In the coniferous forests of Oregon, eight species of woodpeckers coexist. Four species select their nesting sites based on tree diameter, while the fifth species nests only in fir trees that have been dead for at least 10 years. The sixth species also nests in fir trees, but only in live or recently dead trees. The two remaining species nest in pine trees, but each selects trees of different sizes. This pattern is an example of 1. resource partitioning. 2. commensalism. 3. predation. 4. predator-mediated competition. 5. a keystone species.
Resource partitioning
200
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of most ecosystems? 1. Biotic components 2. Abiotic components 3. Recycling of matter 4. Distinct boundaries 5. A wide range of sizes
Distinct boundaries
200
Which of the following could be a cause of decreased evapotranspiration? 1. Increased precipitation 2. Decreased runoff 3. Increased percolation 4. Increased vegetation 5. Increased sunlight
Increased sunlight
200
At which trophic level do organisms use a process that produces oxygen as a waste product? 1. Producers 2. Decomposers 3. Primary consumers 4. Secondary consumers 5. Tertiary consumers
Producers
200
As the size of a white-tailed deer population increases, 1. the carrying capacity of the environment for white-tailed deer will be reduced. 2. a volcanic eruption will have a greater proportional effect than it would on a smaller population. 3. the effect of limiting resources will decrease. 4. the number of gray wolves, a natural predator of white-tailed deer, will increase. 5. white-tailed deer are more likely to become extinct.
The number of gray wolves, a natural predator of white-tailed deer, will increase.
200
Which combination of factors would result in the highest biodiversity? 1. A small island, close to a continent 2. A large island, close to a continent 3. A medium island, distant from a continent 4. A small island, distant from a continent 5. A large island, distant from a continent
A large island, close to a continent
300
Which macronutrient is required by humans in the largest amounts? 1. Calcium 2. Nitrogen 3. Sulfur 4. Potassium 5. Magnesium
Nitrogen
300
Roughly what percentage of incoming solar energy is converted into chemical energy by producers? 1. 99 2. 80 3. 50 4. Between 5 and 20 5. 1
1
300
At which trophic level are dragonflies that consume mosquitoes that feed on herbivorous mammals? 1. Producers 2. Decomposers 3. Primary consumers 4. Secondary consumers 5. Tertiary consumers
Tertiary consumers
300
Which is NOT a true statement based on the logistic growth model? 1. Population growth is limited by density-dependent factors. 2. A population will initially increase exponentially and then level off as it approaches the carrying capacity of the environment. 3. Future population growth cannot be predicted mathematically. 4. Population growth slows as the number of individuals approaches the carrying capacity. 5. A graph of population growth produces an S-shaped growth curve over time.
Future population growth cannot be predicted mathematically.
300
The theory of island biogeography suggests that species richness is affected by which of the following factors? 1. Island distance from mainland 2. How the island is formed 3. Island size 1. I only 2. II only 3. III only 4. I and III 5. II and III
I and III
400
The net primary productivity of an ecosystem is 1 kg C/m2/year, and the energy needed by the producers for their own respiration is 1.5 kg C/m2/year. The gross primary productivity of such an ecosystem would be 1. 0.5 kg C/m2/year. 2. 1.0 kg C/m2/year. 3. 1.5 kg C/m2/year. 4. 2.0 kg C/m2/year. 5. 2.5 kg C/m2/year.
2.5 kg C/m2/year
400
Which of the following statements about the carbon cycle is true? 1. Carbon transfer from photosynthesis is in steady state with respiration and death. 2. The majority of dead biomass is accumulated in sedimentation. 3. Combustion of carbon is equivalent in mass to sedimentation. 4. Most of the carbon entering the oceans is from terrestrial ecosystems. 5. Carbon exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems is primarily an abiotic process.
Carbon transfer from photosynthesis is in steady state with respiration and death.
400
Beginning at the lowest trophic level, arrange the following food chain found on the Serengeti Plain of Africa in the correct sequence. 1. Shrubs–gazelles–cheetahs–decomposers 2. Shrubs–decomposers–gazelles–cheetahs 3. Shrubs–decomposers–cheetahs–gazelles 4. Gazelles–decomposers–cheetahs–shrubs 5. Decomposers–cheetahs–shrubs–gazelles
Shrubs–gazelles–cheetahs–decomposers
400
Which characteristics are typical of r-selected species? 1. They produce many offspring in a short period of time. 2. They have very low survivorship early in life. 3. They take a long time to reach reproductive maturity. 1. I only 2. II only 3. III only 4. I and II 5. II and III
I and II
400
Which sequence of secondary succession would be likely to occur in abandoned farmland in the eastern United States? 1. Bare soil, lichens, mosses, grasses, deciduous trees 2. Bare rock, lichens, mosses, grasses, shrubs, mixed shade- and sunlight-tolerant trees 3. Bare soil, grasses and wildflowers, shrubs, shade-tolerant trees 4. Bare soil, grasses and wildflowers, shrubs, sunlight-tolerant trees, shade-tolerant trees 5. Bare rock, grasses and wildflowers, lichens, mosses, shrubs, coniferous trees
Bare soil, grasses and wildflowers, shrubs, sunlight-tolerant trees, shade-tolerant trees
500
An ecosystem has an ecological efficiency of 10 percent. If the producer level contains 10,000 kilocalories of energy, how much energy does the tertiary consumer level contain? 1. 1 kcal 2. 10 kcal 3. 100 kcal 4. 1,000 kcal 5. 10,000 kcal
10 kcal
500
Research at Hubbard Brook showed that stream nitrate concentrations in two watersheds were ________ before clear-cutting, and that after one watershed was clear-cut, its stream nitrate concentration was _______. 1. similar/decreased 2. similar/increased 3. similar/the same 4. different/increased 5. different/decreased
similar/increased
500
Human interaction with the nitrogen cycle is primarily due to 1. the leaching of nitrates into terrestrial ecosystems. 2. the breakdown of ammonium into ammonia for industrial uses. 3. the interruption of the mineralization process in urban areas. 4. the acceleration of the nitrification process in aquatic ecosystems. 5. the decreased assimilation of ammonium and nitrates.
The leaching of nitrates into terrestrial ecosystems.
500
A high intrinsic growth rate would most likely be characteristic of 1. a K-selected species such as elephants. 2. an r-selected species such as the American bullfrog. 3. a K-selected species that lives close to its carrying capacity. 4. a species that is near extinction. 5. a species with a low reproductive rate that takes a long time to reach reproductive maturity.
An r-selected species such as the American bullfrog.
500
Which statement about ecological succession is correct? 1. Secondary succession begins in a community lacking soil. 2. Primary succession occurs over a shorter time span than secondary succession. 3. Succession is influenced by competition for limiting resources such as available soil, moisture, and nutrients. 4. In forest succession, less shade-tolerant trees replace more shade-tolerant trees. 5. Forest fires and hurricanes lead to primary succession because a soil base still exists.
Succession is influenced by competition for limiting resources such as available soil, moisture, and nutrients.