Vision
What are the two types of photoreceptors and their functions?
Cones: color vision and depth perception
Rods: "night vision"
Which lobe processes smell sensation?
Temporal Lobe
Which lobe processes taste sensation?
Insula
The auditory cortex is located in which lobe?
Temporal Lobe
The inner ear is responsible for hearing and ______?
Balance
What pathway explains why you may have a runny nose after crying?
Nasolacrimal pathway
What type of receptors break down odor within mucus (and saliva)?
Chemoreceptors
What structures within the taste bud contain receptors for detecting taste sensation?
Gustatory hairs / Microvilli
What structure captures sound waves from our environment?
Auricle
Which cranial nerve carries sensory information from the inner ear to the cerebrum?
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)
What is the function of melanin pigment within the vascular layer of the eye?
Melanin pigment absorbs scattered light
The Olfactory Pathway:
Olfactory bulb -> ________ -> olfactory cortex
Olfactory Tract
Which three cranial nerves carry taste sensation?
- Facial (anterior 1/3 of the tongue)
- Glossopharyngeal (posterior 1/3 of the tongue)
- Vagus (lips, palate, epiglottis)
What structure within the ear is the first to vibrate, allowing us to hear sound waves?
Eardrum / Tympanic Membrane
Explain the difference in sound created by high frequency wavelengths vs. high amplitude wavelengths.
High frequency = high pitch
High amplitude = loud sound
What is the purpose of phototransduction?
Phototransduction converts light energy into an electrical signal
What type of olfactory epithelium cell carries smell sensation?
Olfactory neuron cell
What are the four types of papillae on the tongue?
Filiform, Fungiform, Foliate, Vallate
What are the three tiny bones that amplify and transfer sound waves through the oval window to the inner ear?
Malleus, incus, stapes
What is the difference in function between the vestibule and semicircular canals?
Vestibule: monitors head position during linear acceleration (static balance)
Semicircular canals: monitor head position during circular motion (dynamic balance)
Distinguish between emmetropia, myopia, and hyperopia.
Emmetropia: normal eyeball; no refractive errors
Myopia: nearsightedness (eyeball is too long)
Hyperopia: farsightedness (eyeball is too short)
What process converts odor molecules into an electrical signal that the brain can process?
Olfactory transduction
What are the five types of tastes?
Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami
What is the name and function of the tube that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?
Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube - balances air pressure
What cochlear structure rests on top of the basilar membrane and contains hair cells that detect sound?
Spiral Organ of Corti