Show:
Theories and Etiology
Dyslexia
Dyscalculia
ADHD and SLDs
History of Learning Disabilities
100
There is no exact cause, but there are plenty of theories.
What is the cause of specific learning disabilities?
100
The term used today when trauma impacts the brain in a way that results in the loss of the ability to read.
What is Alexia?
100
This is a subtype of dyscalculia when a person has difficulty understanding spatially represented numerical information such as misalignmentof columns, place value errors, or geometry.
What is visuospatial memory?
100
A disorder that is a medical condition and can only be diagnosed by a physician. It affects between 3-10% of the school age population in the United States.
What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and who does it affect?
100
The term used to describe the most recent period of learning disabilities history.
What is the Turbulent Period (c. 1985-2000) that solidified the field of learning disabilities further?
200
The three areas are Broca's area, Temporal-parietal area and Occipito-temporal area.
What are the three areas of the brain that are involved in reading?
200
Phonological processing, which includes phonological awareness that improves reading acquisition and can predict future success in reading.
What is the most common source of reading difficulty?
200
Classification, ordering and seriation, one-to-one correspondence, and conservation.
What are the four concepts described by Piaget basic to understanding numbers?
200
Difficulty following instructions, loses things necessary for tasks, appears disorganized, makes careless mistakes, appears forgetful, appears sluggish/drowsy, insufficient attention to details, appears spacey or apathetic and unmotivated to complete tasks.
What are signs of ADD/-H?
200
Adolf Kussamaul used this term to describe children that could not read though their eye sight was perfect, today referred to as dyslexia.
What does the term Word Blindness mean back in the 1870s?
300
NMDs are a group of birth defects caused by the abnormal migration of neurons in the developing brain and nervous system and it occurs as early as the second month of gestation.
What are Neuronal migration disorders (NMDs) and when do they occur?
300
Phonological awareness and the depth and breadth of vocabulary knowledge.
What are two factors related to language that influence text comprehension?
300
A term that frequently is used to describe students with learning disabilities and refers to students who do not participate actively or self-regulate their own learning.
What are passive learners?
300
A thick band of nerve fibers that divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres. It connects the left and right sides of the brain allowing for communication between both hemispheres. It transfers motor, sensory, and cognitive information between brain hemispheres.
What is the Corpus Callosum and what is its job?
300
This is a phonics-based, multisensory method using the visual, auditory and kinesthetic modalities for reading decoding and spelling instruction.
What is the Orton-Gillingham Approach?
400
This is a science devoted to mapping the brain at a deeper level than ever before and has emerged from a project called the International Consortium of Brain Mapping.
What is Neuro-informatics, a new science that is influencing the way we think about the brain?
400
Standardized tests, such as achievement tests, reading survey tests and criterion-referenced tests, along with informal and formal assessments and observations and informal inventories.
What are the variety of assessment procedures used to obtain a valid assessment of a student's reading abilities?
400
Addition and subtraction at 1st and 2nd grade, multiplication and division at 3rd and 4th grade, fractions at 4th and 5th grade, and decimals and percents at 5th and 6th grades.
What is skill introduction sequence?
400
A neurotransmitter imbalance or defects in the neural connections. A deficiency in the production of the neurotransitter norepinephrine or dopamine results in decreased stimulation of the brain and a consequent dysfunction of the neural circuits underlying attention.
What is the etiology of ADHD?
400
A group formed by parents during the Emergent Period, formally called the Association for Children with Learning Disabilities (ACLD), which is the largest and most influential learning disabilities parent organization in the U.S.
What is the Learning Disabilities Association of America (LDA)?
500
The three periods that can be linked to cause SLDs are the prenatal period, which begins with conception and ends at birth, the perinatal period, which occurs immediately before and after birth, and the post-natal period, which is the period of time after birth.
What are the three periods for exposures, trauma, complications, etc. that can be linked to cause SLDs and how would you define each period?
500
Stage 0: Prereading (birth to about age 6) Stage 1: Initial Reading or Decoding (first to second grade) Stage 2: Confirmation, Fluency, and Ungluing from Print (second to third grade) Stage 3: Reading for Learning the New (fourth grade) Stage 4: Multiple Viewpoints (secondary school level) Stage 5: Construction and Reconstruction (College level)
What are the six stages of reading development and the correlating grade levels for each?
500
Difficulty with word problems, difficulty with multi-step problems, difficulty with the language of mathematics, and failing to verify answers.
What are the most common characteristics among students with learning disabilities who demonstrate math weaknesses?
500
Fetal exposure to various teratogens, genetics, a morphological difference in the brain and dietary and nutritional factors. No one can say for sure what causes this disorder.
What are theories attempting to explain the cause of ADHD and is there a known cause?
500
A learning disorder in which symbols and especially phrases, words, or letters appear to be reversed or transposed in reading. It occurs in only 5% of dyslexics. It once was called Word Blindness.
What is the term strephosymbolia and who does it affect?