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Definition and Legal Responsibility
Types of Specific Learning Disabilities
Testing for Specific Learning Disabilities
Effects of Neurotransmitters
The Nervous System
100
Common abbreviation for "Specific Learning Disability"
What is "SLD" ?
100
Although often mistaken for a specific learning disability, this spectrum of disorders actually does not fall under the SLD categorization, but is often comorbid with them.
What is Attention Deficit Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD and ADHD)
100
A test designed to determine a person's ability in a particular skill or field of knowledge. An Intelligence Quotient (IQ) test is one example.
What is an Aptitude Test?
100
The chemicals responsible for signal transmission between neurons. Some examples are dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and serotonin.
What are neurotransmitters?
100
A very specialized cell that forms the basis of the nervous system.
What is a neuron?
200
Every child with a learning disability is legally entitled to this kind of education so that his or her education may be maximized.
What is "Specially Designed Instruction" or "SDI" ?
200
A specific learning disability characterized by difficulty mastering arithmetic facts, keeping track of time, acquiring spatial orientation, exchanging money, and learning musical concepts.
What is Dyscalculia?
200
Scores between 85 - 115; average score 100.
What is the average IQ (Intelligence Quotient) score?
200
Low levels of this neurotransmitter are associated with a loss of alertness, poor memory, and depression.
What is norepinephrine?
200
Movement of neurons across predetermined pathways that are formed in utero during brain development.
What are neuronal migration?
300
A disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, which disorder may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations
What is the IDEA definition of a specific learning disability?
300
A specific learning disability characterized by poor writing and expression, including irregular letter sizes and shapes, mixture of upper and lower case letters, and mixture of print and cursive writing.
What is Dysgraphia?
300
An assessment that measures skills and knowledge that someone has already learned. Four areas of this kind of testing are Mathematics, Spelling, Reading Comprehension, and Vocabulary.
What is an Achievement Test?
300
Inconsistent levels of this neurotransmitter can impact our ability to attend to tasks.
What is dopamine?
300
The process of changing prescription and prescription dosages until the medication most effective in treating neurotransmitter inconsistencies is found.
What is titration?
400
According to IDEA: perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia.
What is included in the term "specific learning disability" ?
400
A specific learning disability characterized by difficulty with the grapheme-phoneme relationship of letters, resulting in trouble maintaining fluency while reading and low levels of comprehension.
What is Dyslexia?
400
If achievement test scores are two standard deviations below IQ, a learning disability is present
What is the Discrepancy Model?
400
Low levels of this neurotransmitter can reduce our visual memory in the occipital lobe and impact our ability to grasp concepts quickly.
What is serotonin?
400
When impulses go back to the neuron that sent them, potentially causing difficulties such as hyperactivity, depression, and obsession.
What is reuptake?
500
A learning problem that is primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities, of mental retardation, of emotional disturbance, or of environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage
What is NOT considered a specific learning disability?
500
The most common learning disability seen in elementary schools. Many children exit elementary school having been treated by a speech therapist for this disability.
What is Developmental Apraxia of Speech?
500
Not enough has been learned to test children while they are still in primary grades, and the window for remediation (3 years old - 7 years old) is often missed.
What are criticisms of the Discrepancy Model?
500
Low levels of this neurotransmitter can reduce our efficiency in working memory.
What is acetylcholine?
500
Caused strictly by problems in the nervous system. Most of these kinds of difficulties are related to neurotransmitter problems and can be treated with medicine.
What causes learning disabilities?