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Overview
Characteristics of Speech
Sound Influence Phenomena
Feedback
Suprasegmentals of Speech
100
Define the "generator" and "resonator"
The "generator" is defined as subglottic air, larynx, and vocal folds. (Fundamental Frequency, harmonics) The "resonator" is the vocal tract. (formant frequencies)
100
Describe physical and perceptional characteristics
Frequency -- Pitch Intensity -- loudness spectrum -- quality duration/time/rate -- duration/time/rate
100
What is assimilation, partial assimilation, and complete assimilation?
Assimilation - alteration in movement of single articulator bc contextual effects Partial - involves change from one allophone to different allophone of same phoneme Complete - involves change from one allophone to different phoneme
100
What is a servomechanism?
A self-regulating machine
100
What makes up prosody?
fundamental frequency, intensity, duration (intonation,stress, quantity)
200
Define articulation, articulatory movements, formants, formant frequencies.
Articulation - adjusting vocal tract's shape to produce speech sounds Articulatory movements - individual movemtsn of tongue, lips, and other part of vocal tract Formants - resonances of vocal tract Formant frequency - natural frequencies
200
Describe frequency/pitch and intensity/loudness
Frequency/pitch - fundamental frequency responsible perception males - 125 Hz females - 225 Hz infants - 550 hz Intensity/Loudness amt energy is SMALL, range of energy GREAT
200
What is coarticulation?
coarticulation - 2 articulators moving at same time for different phonemes
200
What is the difference between negative and positive feedback?
Negative feedback - errors are fed back to keep activity within certain limits Positive feedback - information fed back serves to promote more same activity
200
What is intonation?
changes in fundamental frequency Rise-fall intontation curve
300
What are formants responsible for?
What is QUALITY of a vowel
300
Spectrum/Quality
Quality - distinguishes one sound from another Particular partials & # partials present Distribution of partials & relationship intensity of partials phase relationship to partials PURE TONES = NO QUALITY
300
What is parallel processing?
Coarticulation and assimilation of one articulatory movemnt to another
300
What is the difference between closed and open loop system?
Closed-loop system - performance of system is fed back and matched with program. If any discrepancy then adjustments are made to correct error Open-loop system - output is programmed
300
What is stress?
Degree of force of an utterance duration, intensity, f0 all increase Affects lexical meaning Noun - stress 1st syllable, verb - stress 2nd syllable
400
Write the resonance frequency formula
F1 = v/4L; F2 = v/(4/3)L
400
Formulas for Time, Duration, Rate
# syllables/total time # words/total time 60x # syllables/total time 60x # words/total time
400
What is the difference between anticipatory and carryover assimilation?
Anticipatory - (R-L) "think" Carryover (L-R) - cats vs. dogs
400
What are the four kinds of feedback?
Auditory, Tactile, Kinesthetic, and central neural feedback
400
What is quantity?
Quantity is contrastive function of DURATION within phonological system. signals word, phrase, and sentence boundaries
500
What are the three things formant frequencies depend on for VOWELS and describe F1 and F2 for front and back vowels?
1) position of max. constriction 2) size/cross-sectional area of max. constriction 3) position of lips f1 - cross-sectional INCFEASES, F1 INCREASES (front vowels) - pt constriction further from glottis, f1 DECREASE (back) f2 - (FRONT) cross-sectional area max INCREASES, f2 DECREASES -increase lip rounding, DECREASE f2
500
What is time-altered speech, time-compressed speech, time-expanded speech and the common technique?
Time-altered speech - speech reproduced in time that differs from original Time-compressed speech - reproduced less time than original Time-expanded speech - reproduced more time than original **sampling technique**
500
What is the Lombard effect?
In the absence of any auditory feedback, vocal intensity increases and voicing is prolonged
500
What is Juncture?
prosodic features related to duration and concerned with manner sounds joined to, separated from (a nape, an ape)