Phonetics
List the 6 Plosives in English
[ p t k b d g ]
What is the source for voiced phonemes?
Vocal Folds
What does F1 relate to?
Vowel height, inversely related to vowel height, i.e. the higher the formant frequency, the lower the vowel height
The airstream for consonants (and vowels) in English is....
Egressive
Classify /h/ and tell where the point of articulation is for its production?
Fricative
Glottis
What is the source for voiceless phonemes?
turbulence or noise created by airflow constrictions in the vocal tract, rather than vocal fold vibration
What does F2 relate to?
Vowel frontness: directly related to vowel frontness, so as the tongue moves forward, F2 increases.
What do voiceless phonemes lack on a spectrogram?
Pitch
List the 3 nasals in English and tell how they are produced.
Velum lowered, nasal resonance
Describe the source filter theory using a vowel in your example.
•A vowel from the source passes through the pharynx and oral cavity, out the mouth to the hearer
•As it passes through, it is filtered by the acoustic characteristics of the pharynx and oral cavity
The source has a wide spectrum of sound frequencies that pass through a filter that ‘selects’ some of those frequencies
•The brain recognizes the pattern as /a/ /i/ /u/…
What is a diphthong?
a diphthong sounds different at different points of its production, combination of 2 vowel sounds
Not all formants must change in frequency during the production of a diphthong, but at least one of F1,F2, and F3 must change
Which phonemes would produce turbulent airflow?
Fricatives
What classification are the below phonemes? What happens when you prolong them?
[j]
[w]
[ɹ]
Glides,
[j] -->[i]
[w] -->[u]
[ɹ] --> [ɚ]
Give an example of an artificial sound source and describe how it functions
Electrolarynx, OR tracheoesophageal speech, OR esophageal speech
When the electrolarynx is pressed against the neck or other areas around the vocal tract, it transmits vibrations through the tissues in the neck, which then enter the vocal tract. These vibrations are the source of sound, taking the place of vocal fold vibrations in natural speech.
Describe whispering in terms of periodicity, VFs, and frequency
*Aperiodic
•Produced by outgoing breath passing between closely approximated VFs
•No fundamental frequency, no harmonics
•Similar to white noise, has a broad range of frequencies
Has sound energy required to produce resonating sounds
What is VOT?
Time between when a plosive sound (like /p/, /b/, /k/, /g/) is released (the burst of air) and when the vocal folds start vibrating (voicing).