IPA
Correct or incorrect broad transcription for a child who omits final consonants?
"cheese"--> [tʃi]
True! Square brackets are used to show what was actually said/produced.
True or false: The velar valve allows us to produce contrast between oral and nasal sounds.
True!
The velum serves as a valve because it regulates whether the air pressure can be channeled through the nose or through the mouth. When the air travels through the nose, it has nasality, or nasal resonance.
the inventory of speech sounds and the rules for combining them.
Phonology
What are the 4 categories of speech sound errors?
SODA: Substitution, Omission, Distortion, & Addition
Correct or incorrect broad transcription for a child who produces back consonants in the front (bonus points for the name of this process)?
ki/tiIncorrect! It is not clear which production was the target and which one was actually produced.
"key"--> [ti] or /ki/-->[ti]Bonus: Fronting
True or False: We can call the alveolar ridge the lingual valve.
False! We can call the tongue the lingual valve.
The air within the mouth itself is regulated by the lips and the placement and movement of the tongue.
A _____ is the smallest non-meaningful unit of sound that has a contrast of function in the language.
A ____ is an actual speech sound produced.
Phoneme
Phone
What are some reasons a child might have a speech sound impairment?
Developmental: delayed acquisition
Neurological: Cerebral Palsy
Perceptual: Hearing loss
Spelling is a way to capture what was said; when
we spell, we’re writing language. Is this prescriptive or descriptive?
Phonetic transcription is a way to capture how
something was said; when we (phonetically)
transcribe, we’re writing speech. Is this prescriptive or descriptive?
Spelling is prescriptive and phonetic transcription is descriptive.
How do the lips serve as a valve?
They can be open or closed during articulation, thereby varying the interoral pressure at that labial point.
To distinguish between a phone and a phoneme, the common practice is to encase the ____, the actual speech sound produced, in ______ brackets.
/ /, [ ], or ( )
Phone; Rectangular [ ]
What happens during coarticulation?
Sounds lose their distinctive qualities properties when they are put in bigger linguistic contexts.
Why do we transcribe at the word level and not at the level of connected speech?
Single word productions provide a controllable context, so we can sample the number of sounds we want to test, in what positions we want to test them, and how many times we want to test them. In a connected verbal sample that is spontaneous, it's very difficult to be able to control for these.
To limit co-articulation effects to be able to see the reliable and consistent connection between the target sound and the obtained sound, the target phoneme and the obtained phone.
The ____ valve, also known as the ____ valve, creates voiced and voiceless contrasts, such as between the consonants p and b.
The glottal valve, also known as the laryngeal valve.
language _______, which is the knowledge of language and language performance; the expression of that knowledge through speech or sign.
Phonemes or phones are part of this?
Language Competence; phonemes, because they are part of our internal grammar, are cognitive linguistic in nature and are part of language competence.
True or false: During a speech assessment we want to record imitated productions of target words.
FALSE! spontaneous productions are more representative of what the child actually can do versus the imitated productions.
What is the role of IPA in assessment? (3)
Used in baselines for goal writing, treatment planning, and tracking progress over time.
We get a contrast between _____ and _____ sounds, such as the f, which involves the lower lip and the upper teeth, and the s sound, that involves the tongue tip up to the alveolar ridge.
We get a contrast between labial and lingual sounds, such as the f, which involves the lower lip and the upper teeth, and the s sound, that involves the tongue tip up to the alveolar ridge.
____, because they are manifest sounds, and therefore have production and acoustic features, are part of language _______.
Duality of speech sounds: speech sounds exist at two different levels simultaneously
______ as phonemes and ______ as phones.
Phones; Language performance
Cognitively as phonemes and behaviorally as phones.
most articulation tests are looking at consonant and vowel production in connected speech.
FALSE! Most articulation tests are looking for consonant production and not as much the vowel productions. We want to test at word level to limit co-articulation effects to see the reliable and consistent connection between the target phoneme and the obtained phone.